Current Problems in Surgery
Volume 43, Issue 4 , Pages 253-315 , April 2006

Disaster Planning for Unconventional Acts of Civilian Terrorism

References 

  1. Smart JK . History of chemical and biological warfare (an American perspective) . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of the Army; 1997;p. 9–86 Chapter 2
  2. Haber LF . In: The Poisonous Cloud (Chemical Warfare in the First World War) . Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press; 1986;p. 15–40
  3. Christoph GW , Cieslak TJ , Pavlin JA , et al.   Biological warfare (a historical perspective) . JAMA . 1997;278:412–417
  4. Kadlac RP , Zelicoff AP , Vrtis AM . Biological weapons control (prospects and implications for the future) . JAMA . 1997;278:351–356
  5. Smith JR . Yeltsin blames ’79 anthrax on germ warfare effort . Washington Post . 1992; June 16
  6. Alibek K . Biohazard . New York, NY: Random House; 1999;
  7. Fry DE . In vino veritas . Surg Infect . 2001;2:185–191
  8. Pile JC , Malone JD , Eitzen EM , Friedlander A . Anthrax as a potential biological warfare agent . Arch Intern Med . 1998;158:429–434
  9. Tekin A , Bulut N , Unal T . Acute abdomen due to anthrax . Br J Surg . 1997;84:813; (letter)
  10. Brachman PS . Inhalation anthrax . Ann NY Acad Sci . 1980;353:83–93
  11. Inglesby TV , Henderson DA , Bartlett JG , et al.   Anthrax as a biological weapon . JAMA . 1999;281:1735–1745
  12. Lew DP . Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) . In:  Mandell GL ,  Bennett JE ,  Dolin R editor. Principles and Practices of Infectious Disease . 5th ed.. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000;p. 2215–2220
  13. Franz DR , Jahrling PB , Friedlander A , et al.   Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents . JAMA . 1997;278:399–411
  14. Stepanov AV , Marinin LI , Pomerantsev AP , Staritsin NA . Development of novel vaccines against anthrax in man . J Biotechnol . 1996;44:155–160
  15. Friedlander A . Anthrax . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of the Army; 1997;p. 467–478 Chapter 22
  16. McGovern TW , Friedlander A . Plague . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of the Army; 1997;p. 479–502 Chapter 23
  17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Human plague, United States 1993-1994 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1994;43:242–246
  18. Rollins SE , Rollins SM , Ryan ET . Yersinia pestis and the plague . Am J Clin Pathol . 2003;119(Suppl):S78–S85
  19. Perry RD , Fetherston JD . Yersinia pestis—etiologic agent of the plague . Clin Microbiol Rev . 1997;10:35–66
  20. Krishna G , Chitkara RK . Pneumonic plague . Semin Respir Infect . 2003;18:159–167
  21. Butler T . Yersinia species, including plague . In:  Mandell GL ,  Bennett JE ,  Dolin R editor. Principles and Practices of Infectious Disease . 5th ed.. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000;p. 2406–2414 Chapter 218
  22. Inglesby TV , Dennis DT , Henderson DA , et al.   Plague as a biological weapon . JAMA . 2000;283:2281–2290
  23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Prevention of plague (recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice (ACIP)) . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1996;45(RR-14):1–15
  24. Choi E . Tularemia and Q fever . Med Clin North Am . 2002;86:393–416
  25. Cross JT , Penn RL . Francisella tularensis (tularemia) . In:  Mandell GL ,  Bennett JE ,  Dolin R editor. Principles and Practices of Infectious Disease . 5th ed.. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000;p. 2393–2402 Chapter 216
  26. Ellis J , Oyston PC , Green M , Titball RW . Tularemia . Clin Microbiol Rev . 2002;15:631–646
  27. Saslaw S , Eigelsbach HT , Wilson HE , et al.   Tularemia vaccine study, I (intracutaneous challenge) . Arch Intern Med . 1961;107:121–133
  28. Saslaw S , Eigelsbach HT , Prior JA , et al.   Tularemia vaccine study, II (respiratory challenge) . Arch Intern Med . 1961;107:134–146
  29. Gill V , Cunha BA . Tularemia pneumonia . Semin Respir Infect . 1997;12:61–67
  30. Dennis DT , Inglesby TV , Henderson DA , et al.   Tularemia as a biological weapon (medical and public health management) . JAMA . 2001;285:2763–2773
  31. Evans ME , Friedlander AM . Tularemia . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of the Army; 1997;p. 503–512 Chapter 24
  32. Young EJ . Brucella species . In:  Mandell GL ,  Bennett JE ,  Dolin R editor. Principles and Practices of Infectious Disease . 5th ed.. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000;p. 2386–2393 Chapter 215
  33. Hoover DL , Friedlander AM . Brucellosis . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of the Army; 1997;p. 513–521 Chapter 25
  34. Mousa AR , Muhtaseb SA , Almudallal DS , et al.   Osteoarticular complications of brucellosis (a study of 169 cases) . Rev Infect Dis . 1987;9:531–543
  35. Ibraham AIA , Shetty SD , Saad M , Bilal NE . Genito-urinary complications of brucellosis . Br J Urol . 1988;61:294–298
  36. Gotuzzo F , Carrillo C , Guerra J , Llosa L . An evaluation of diagnostic methods for brucellosis-the value of bone marrow cultures . J Infect Dis . 1986;153:122–125
  37. Young EJ . Serologic diagnosis of human brucellosis (analysis of 214 cases by agglutination tests and review of the literature) . Rev Infect Dis . 1991;13:359–372
  38. Hall WH . Modern chemotherapy for brucellosis in humans . Rev Infect Dis . 1990;12:1060–1099
  39. Al Dahouk S , Tomaso H , Nockler K , et al.   Laboratory-based diagnosis of brucellosis-a review of the literature. Part I (techniques for direct detection and identification of Brucella spp) . Clin Lab . 2003;49:487–505
  40. Seas C , Gotuzzo E . Vibrio cholerae . In:  Mandell GL ,  Bennett JE ,  Dolin R editor. Principles and Practices of Infectious Disease . 5th ed.. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000;p. 2266–2272 Chapter 202
  41. Raufman J-P . Cholera . Am J Med . 1998;104:386–394
  42. Seas C , DuPont HL , Valdez LM , et al.   Practical guidelines for the treatment of cholera . Drugs . 1996;51:966–973
  43. Seas C , Gotuzzo E . Recent advances in the treatment and prophylaxis of cholera . Curr Opin Infect Dis . 1966;9:380–383
  44. Ryan ET , Calderwood SB . Cholera vaccines . Clin Infect Dis . 2000;31:561–565
  45. Marrie TJ . Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) . In:  Mandell GL ,  Bennett JE ,  Dolin R editor. Principles and Practices of Infectious Disease . 5th ed.. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000;p. 2043–2050 Chapter 177
  46. Omsbee R , Peacock M , Gerloff R , et al.   Limits of rickettsial infectivity . Infect Immunol . 1978;19:239–245
  47. Reimer LG . Q fever . Clin Microbiol Rev . 1993;6:193–198
  48. Raoult D . Host factors in the severity of Q fever . Ann NY Acad Sci . 1990;590:33–38
  49. Byrne WR . Q fever . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Washington, DC: US Department of the Army; 1997;p. 523–537 Chapter 26
  50. In: Medical Management of Biological Casualties . 3rd ed.. U.S. Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD: Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; 1998;
  51. Russell P , Eley SM , Ellis J , et al.   Comparison of efficacy of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline against experimental meliodosis and glanders . J Antimicrob Chemother . 2000;45:813–818
  52. Henderson DA , Inglesby TV , Bartlett JG , et al.   Smallpox as a biological weapon (medical and public health management) . JAMA . 1999;281:2127–2137
  53. Toro JR , Sanchez S , Turiansky G , Blauvelt A . Topical cidofovir for the treatment of dermatologic conditions (verruca, condyloma, intraepithelial neoplasia, herpes simplex, and its potential use in smallpox) . Dermatol Clin . 2003;21:301–309
  54. World Health Organization . The Global Eradication of Smallpox (Final Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication) . Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 1980;
  55. Kiang KM , Krathwohl MD . Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention . J Lab Clin Med . 2003;142:229–238
  56. Wehrle PF , Posch J , Richter KH , Henderson DA . An airborne outbreak of smallpox in a German hospital and its significance with respect to other recent outbreaks in Europe . Bull World Health Org . 1970;43:669–679
  57. Clancy T . Rainbow Six . New York: Random House; 1996;
  58. Lane JM , Ruben FL , Neff JM , Miller JD . Complications of smallpox vaccination, 1968; results of ten statewide surveys . J Infect Dis . 1970;122:303–309
  59. Lane JM , Goldstein J . Adverse events occurring after smallpox vaccination . Sem Ped Infect Dis . 2003;14:189–195
  60. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices . Draft Supplemental Recommendation of the ACIP—Use of Smallpox (Vaccinia) Vaccine . 2002; June. Approved by CDC and DHHS.
  61. Fulginiti VA , Papier A , Lane JM , et al.   Smallpox vaccination: a review, part I. Background vaccination technique, normal vaccination and revaccination, and expected normal reactions . Clin Infect Dis . 2003;37:241–250
  62. Fulginiti VA , Papier A , Lane JM , et al.   Smallpox vaccination: a review, part II. Adverse events . Clin Infect Dis . 2003;37:251–271
  63. Smith JF , Davis K , Hart MK , et al.   Viral encephalitides . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of the Army; 1997;p. 561–589 Chapter 28
  64. Weaver SC , Salas R , Rico-Hesse R , et al.  VEE study group   Re-emergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in South America . Lancet . 1996;348:436–440
  65. Deresiewicz RL , Thaler SJ , Hsu L , Zamani AA . Clinical and neuroradiographic manifestations of eastern equine encephalitis . N Engl J Med . 1997;336:1867–1874
  66. Kramer LD , Fallah HM . Genetic variation among isolates of western equine encephalomyelitis virus from California . Am J Trop Med Hyg . 1999;60:708–713
  67. Jahrling PB . Viral hemorrhagic fevers . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of the Army; 1997;p. 591–602 Chapter 29
  68. Borio L , Inglesby T , Peters CJ , et al.   Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons (medical and public health management) . JAMA . 2002;287:2391–2405
  69. Cunha BA . Anthrax, tularemia, plague, ebola or smallpox as agents of bioterrorism (recognition in the emergency room) . Clin Microbiol Infect . 2002;8:489–503
  70. Bronze MS , Greenfield RA . Therapeutic options for diseases due to potential viral agents of bioterrorism . Curr Opin Invest Drugs . 2003;4:172–180
  71. Bleck TP . Clostridium botulinum (botulism) . In:  Mandell GL ,  Bennett JE ,  Dolin R editor. Principles and Practices of Infectious Disease . 5th ed.. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000;p. 2543–2548 Chapter 235
  72. Middlebrook JL , Franz DR . Botulinum toxins . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of the Army; 1997;p. 643–654 Chapter 33
  73. Meunier FA , Schiavo G , Molgo J . Botulinum neurotoxins (from paralysis to recovery of functional neuromuscular transmission) . J Physiol . 2002;96:105–113
  74. Arnon SS , Schechter R , Inglesby TV , et al.   Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon (medical and public health management) . JAMA . 2001;285:1059–1070
  75. Siegel LS . Human immune response to botulinum pentavalent (ABCDE) toxoid determined by a neutralization test and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . J Clin Microbiol . 1988;26:2351–2356
  76. Ulrich RG , Sidell S , Taylor TJ , et al.   Staphylococcal enterotoxin B and related pyrogenic toxins . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of the Army; 1997;p. 621–630 Chapter 31
  77. Iandolo JJ . Genetics of toxin synthesis by Staphylococcus aureus . Annu Rev Microbiol . 1989;43:375–402
  78. Greenfield RA , Brown BR , Hutchins JB , et al.   Microbiological, biological, and chemical weapons of warfare and terrorism . Am J Med Sci . 2002;323:326–340
  79. Crompton R , Gall D . Georgi Markov (death in a pellet) . Med Leg J . 1980;48:51–62
  80. Lord JM , Roberts LM , Robertus JD . Ricin (structure, mode of action, and some current applications) . FASEB J . 1994;8:201–208
  81. Rauber A , Heard J . Castor bean toxicity re-examined (a new perspective) . Vet Hum Toxicol . 1985;27:498–502
  82. Bradberry SM , Dickers KJ , Rice P , et al.   Ricin poisoning . Toxicol Rev . 2003;22:65–70
  83. Wannemacher RW , Wiener SL . Trichothecene mycotoxins . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of the Army; 1997;p. 665–676 Chapter 34
  84. Thompson WL , Wannemacher RW . Detection and quantitation of T-2 mycotoxins with a simplified protein synthesis inhibition assay . Appl Environ Microbiol . 1984;48:1176–1180
  85. Bennett JW , Klich M . Mycotoxins . Clin Microbiol Rev . 2003;16:497–516
  86. Baskin SI , Brewer TG . Cyanide poisoning . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of the Army; 1997;p. 271–286 Chapter 10
  87. Hall AH , Rumack BH . Clinical toxicity of cyanide . Ann Emerg Med . 1986;15:1067–1074
  88. Chen KK , Rose CL . Nitrite and thiosulfate therapy in cyanide poisoning . JAMA . 1952;149:113–119
  89. Evans CL . Cobalt compounds as antidotes for hydrocyanic acid . Br J Pharmacol . 1964;23:455–475
  90. Sauer SW , Keim ME . Hydroxocobalamin (improved public health readiness for cyanide disasters) . Ann Emerg Med . 2001;37:635–641
  91. Baud FJ , Borron SW , Megarbane B , et al.   Value of lactic acidosis in the assessment of the severity of acute cyanide poisoning . Crit Care Med . 2002;30:2044–2050
  92. Sidell FR . Nerve agents . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of the Army; 1997;p. 129–179 Chapter 5
  93. Volans AP . Sarin (guidelines on the management of victims of a nerve gas attack) . J Accid Emerg Med . 1996;13:431–432
  94. Lee EC . Clinical manifestations of sarin nerve gas exposure . JAMA . 2003;290:659–662
  95. Yokoyama K , Yamada A , Mimura N . Clinical profiles of patients with sarin poisoning after the Tokyo subway attack . Am J Med . 1996;100:586–591
  96. Borak J , Diller WF . Phosgene exposure (mechanisms of injury and treatment strategies) . J Occup Environ Med . 2001;43:110–119
  97. Diller WF . Pathogenesis of phosgene poisoning . Toxicol Ind Health . 1985;1:7–15
  98. Evison D , Hinsley D . Chemical weapons . BMJ . 2002;324:332–335
  99. Diller WF , Zante R . A literature review (therapy for phosgene poisoning) . Toxicol Ind Health . 1985;1:117–128
  100. Sidell FR , Urbanetti JS , Smith WJ , Hurst CG . Vesicants . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of the Army; 1997;
  101. Karnofsky DA , Graef I , Smith HW . Studies on the mechanism of action of the nitrogen and sulfur mustards in vivo . Am J Pathol . 1948;24:275–291
  102. Safarinejad MR , Moosavi SA , Montazeri B . Ocular injuries caused by mustard gas (diagnosis, treatment, and medical defense) . Mil Med . 2001;166:67–70
  103. Goldman M , Dacre JC . Lewisite (its chemistry, toxicology, and biological effects) . Rev Environ Contam Toxicol . 1989;110:75–115
  104. Leikin JB , McFee RB , Walter FG , Edsall K . A primer for nuclear terrorism . Dis Mon . 2003;49:479–516
  105. Mettler FA , Voelz GL . Major radiation exposure—what to expect and how to respond . N Engl J Med . 2002;346:1554–1561
  106. Mettler FA , Kelsey CA . Fundamentals of radiation accidents . In:  Gusev IA ,  Guskova AK ,  Mettler FA editor. Medical Management of Radiation Accidents . 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001;p. 23–32 Chapter 3
  107. North Atlantic Treaty Organization . General medical effects of nuclear weapons (diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis) . NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations AMEDP-6(B) . Washington, DC: NATO; 1996; Chapter 6 (http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/dod/fm8-9/toc.htm). Accessed Feb 1, 1996
  108. Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute . In: Medical Management of Radiological Casualties . 2nd ed.. 2003;p. 1–147 Bethesda, MD; (http://www.afrri.usuhs.mil). Accessed April 1, 2003
  109. Guskova AK , Baranov AE , Gusev IA . Acute radiation sickness (underlying principles and assessment) . In:  Gusev IA ,  Guskova AK ,  Mettler FA editor. Medical Management of Radiation Accidents . 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001;p. 33–52 Chapter 4
  110. Pierce DA , Shimizu Y , Preston DL , et al.   Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part I, Cancer 1950-1990 . Radiation Res . 1996;146:1–27
  111. Glasstone S , Dolan PJ . In: The Effects of Nuclear Weapons . 3rd ed.. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense and U.S. Department of Energy; 1977;
  112. Advance Trauma Life Support Guidelines, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois. www.facs.org/trauma/atls/index.html. Accessed July 21, 2005.
  113. Mettler FA , Guskova AK . Treatment of acute radiation sickness . In:  Gusev IA ,  Guskova AK ,  Mettler FA editor. Medical Management of Radiation Accidents . 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001;p. 53–68 Chapter 5
  114. Hirsch EF , Bowers GJ . Irradiated trauma victims (the impact of ionizing radiation on surgical considerations following a nuclear mishap) . World J Surg . 1992;16:918–923
  115. Wetter DC , Daniell WE , Treser CD . Hospital preparedness for victims of chemical or biological terrorism . Am J Public Health . 2001;91:710–716
  116. Schultz CH , Mothershead JL , Field M . Bioterrorism preparedness, I (the emergency department and hospital) . Emerg Med Clin N Am . 2002;20:437–455
  117. Eitzen EM . Use of biological weapons . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of the Army; 1997;p. 437–450 Chapter 20
  118. English JF , Cundiff MY , Malone JD , et al.   Bioterrorism Readiness Plan (A Template for Healthcare Facilities) . Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1999; (www.cdc.gov/ncidad/hip/Bio/13apr99APIC-CDCBioterrorism.PDF).
  119. Frykberg ER . Medical management of disasters and mass casualties from terrorist bombings (how can we cope?) . J Trauma . 2002;53:201–212
  120. Flowers LK , Mothershead JL , Blackwell TH . Bioterrorism preparedness II (the community and emergency medical services systems) . Emerg Med Clin N Am . 2002;20:457–476
  121. Garner JS . Guidelines for infection control practices in hospitals . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol . 1996;17:53–80
  122. Mothershead JL , Tonat K , Koenig KL . Bioterrorism preparedness III (state and federal programs and response) . Emerg Med Clin N Am . 2002;20:477–500
  123. National Response Plan, Department of Homeland Security . 2004; December. www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/NRPbaseplan.pdf.
  124. http://www.fema.gov/pdf/rrr/124frp/frp2003.pdf.
  125. Presidential Decision Directive 39 (http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd39.htm).
  126. Presidential Decision Directive 62 (http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd-62.htm).
  127. Presidential Decision Directive 63 (http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/paper598.htm).
  128. Public Law 104-201. Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction Act of 1997. (http://thomas.loc.gov).
  129. Terrorist Incident Annex. http://www.fema.gov/pdf/onp/toolkit_unit_11.pdf.
  130. http://www.fema.gov/txt/rrr/frp/frp_c_annexes.txt.
  131. Strategic National Stockpile (http://www.bt.cdc.gov/stockpile).
  132. United States Government Interagency Domestic Terrorism Concept of Operations Plan (http://www.fema.gov/pdf/rrr/complan/conplan.pdf).
  133. Torak TJ , Tauxe RV , Wise RP , et al.   A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars . JAMA . 1997;278:389–395
  134. Jernigan DB , Raghunathan PL , Bell BP , et al.   Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001, epidemiologic findings . Emerg Infect Dis . 2002;8:1019–1028
  135. The Tylenol scare (the death of seven people who took the drug triggers a nationwide alert) . Anonymous Newsweek . 1982;100:32–36
  136. Early tests show deadly ricin in Senate mailroom . 2004; CNN, February 2. http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/02/02/senate.hazardous.
  137. Jones J , Terndrup TE , Franz DR , Eitzen EM . Future challenges in preparing for and responding to bioterrorism events . Emerg Med Clin N Am . 2002;20:501–524

PII: S0011-3840(06)00005-0

doi: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2006.01.004

Current Problems in Surgery
Volume 43, Issue 4 , Pages 253-315 , April 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution