Current Problems in Surgery
Volume 44, Issue 8 , Pages 496-554 , August 2007

Terror in the 21st Century: Milestones and Prospects—Part I

  • Gidon Almogy, MD

      Affiliations

    • Assistant Professor of Surgery, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
  • ,
  • Avraham I. Rivkind, MD

      Affiliations

    • Associate Professor of Surgery, Head of Department of Surgery and Shock Trauma Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel

References 

  1. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism (accessed April 8, 2006)
  2. Available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/45323.pdf (accessed October 17, 2006).
  3. Ganor B. The Counter-Terrorism Puzzle: A Guide for Decision Makers. In: New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers; 2005;p. 18
  4. Iyad A. Without a Homeland: Conversations with Arik Rouleau. In: Tel Aviv: Mifras Publication; 1983;p. 146
  5. Ganor B. The Counter-Terrorism Puzzle: A Guide for Decision Makers. In: New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers; 2005;p. 13
  6. Available at http://www.msiac.dmso.mil/ootw-documents/sscdictionary/body-t.htm (accessed April 8, 2006).
  7. Netanyahu B. Fighting Terrorism: How Democracies Can Defeat Domestic and International Terrorists. In: 1997;p. 8;Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York
  8. Ganor B. The Counter-Terrorism Puzzle: A Guide for Decision Makers. In: New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers; 2005;p. 11
  9. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian-Red-Brigade (accessed April 8, 2006).
  10. Available at http://www.cfr.org/publication/9154/ (accessed April 8, 2006).
  11. Available at http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=112 (accessed April 20, 2006).
  12. Bloom M. Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror. New York: Columbia University Press; 2005;
  13. Atran S. Genesis and future of suicide terrorism. Available at http://www.interdisciplines.org/terrorism/papers/1 (accessed April 8, 2006)
  14. Hanoch J, Feigin E, Pikarsky A, Kugel C, Rivkind A. Stab wounds associated with terrorist activity in Israel. JAMA. 1996;276:388–390
  15. Laqueur W. The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction. In: USA: Oxford University Press, New York; 1999;p. 10
  16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze (accessed April 8, 2006).
  17. Schweitzer Y. Suicide Bombings—The Ultimate Weapon?. 2001;http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=373 (accessed April 20, 2006).
  18. ICT. Available at: http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/usscole/jir001020_1_n.shtml. Jane’s Intelligence Review, accessed June 26, 2007.
  19. Available at http://www.spur.asn.au/chronology-of-suicide-bomb-attacks-by-Tamil-Tigers-in-sri-Lanka.htm (accessed April 20, 2006).
  20. Gambetta D. Making Sense of Suicide Missions. In: New York: Oxford University Press; 2005;p. 81
  21. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbolla (accessed April 8, 2006).
  22. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/london-blasts/what-happened/html/edgware-rd.stm. Accessed June 26, 2007.
  23. Smallman L. Al-Qaida claims London bombing. Aljazeera, 01 September 2005. http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/B22D0ADF-D0EB-4DC0-9C6E-7671F19CD589.htm (accessed April 20, 2006).
  24. Available at: http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=46474. Catholic World News, accessed June 26, 2007.
  25. Marcus Y. The Pope and the disengagement. Haaretz Daily, September 29, 2006.
  26. Availableat:http://www.alislam.org/quran/default.asp?searchText=paradise&sura=18&fAya=107&tAya=107&tShakir=checked accessed June 26, 2007.
  27. Gabriel MA. Islam and terrorism. In: Lake Mary, FL: Charisma House; 2002;p. 35
  28. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid-Qutb (accessed April 8, 2006).
  29. Lewis B. The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. In: New York, NY: Modern Library; 2003;p. 80
  30. Available at: http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/thesis/loboda/home.html (accessed October 17, 2006).
  31. Lewis B. The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. In: New York, NY: Modern Library; 2003;p. 84
  32. Lewis B. The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. In: New York, NY: Modern Library; 2003;p. 116–118
  33. Lewis B. The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. In: New York, NY: Modern Library; 2003;p. 138–139
  34. Available at: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html, accessed June 26, 2007.
  35. Lewis B. The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. In: New York, NY: Modern Library; 2003;p. 151–155
  36. Available at: http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Area=jihad&ID=SP26801, accessed June 26, 2007.
  37. Shaul Shay. The Shaids: Islam and the Suicide Attacks. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers; 2004;
  38. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese-Red-Army (accessed April 8, 2006).
  39. Hamas Covenant available at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hamas-Covenant (accessed April 8, 2006).
  40. Hass A. Balance of pain: Interview with Sheikh Yassin. Ha’aretz, April 2, 2004. Available at http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/objects/pages/PrintArticleEn.jhtml?itemNo=411571 (accessed April 20, 2006).
  41. Katz E, Ofek B, Adler J, et al. Primary blast injury after a bomb explosion in a civilian bus. Ann Surg. 1989;209:484–488
  42. Almogy G, Mintz Y, Zamir G, et al. Suicide bombing attacks: can external signs of trauma predict internal injuries?. Ann Surg. 2006;243:541–546
  43. Available at http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism (accessed April 8, 2000).
  44. Available at http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism (accessed April 8, 2006).
  45. Ganor B. The Counter-Terrorism Puzzle: A Guide for Decision Makers. In: New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers; 2005;p. 76–79
  46. Available at http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000-2009/2001/5/Palestinian%20Incitement%20of%20Suicide%20Bombings (accessed April 20, 2006).
  47. Available at: http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/suicide_terrorism_ae.pdf. Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, accessed June 26, 2007.
  48. Available at http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Terrorism+and+Islamic+Fundamentalism-/2005+Terrorism+Review.htm (accessed May 31, 2006).
  49. Krueger AB, Maleckova J. Education, poverty and terrorism: is there a causal connection?. J Econ Perspect. 2003;17:119–144(4 Fall): http://papers.nber.org/papers/W9074 (accessed April 20, 2006).
  50. Hassan N. Talking to the “human bombs.” The New Yorker, November 19, 2001. www.newyorker.com/fact/content/ ?011119fa-FACT1.
  51. The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism. In: Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress; 1999;p. 40;September; released December 14, 2001. www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Sociology-Psychology%20of%20Terrorism.htm.
  52. Atran S. Genesis and future of suicide terrorism. Available at http://www.interdisciplines.org/terrorism/papers/1 (accessed April 20, 2006).
  53. Karatnycky A. Under our very noses. National Review. 2001;November 5
  54. Available at http://www.psychematters.com/papers/stein.htm (accessed April 8, 2006).
  55. Available at http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam-multimedia/English/eng-n/html/psb-0406.htm.
  56. Available at http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam-multimedia/English/eng-n/html/psb-0406.htm. Accessed April 21, 2006.
  57. Available at: www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/suicide_terrorism_ae.pdf. Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, accessed June 26, 2007.
  58. Available at http://www.sciam.com (accessed January 8, 2006).
  59. “White Paper—The Jemaah Islamiyah Arrests,” (Singapore Ministry of Home Affairs, Singapore, 9 January 2003); www2.mha.gov.sg, accessed April 21, 2007.
  60. Merari A. The Psychology of Extremism (Paper presented to Institute for Social Research Seminar Series). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan; 2002;February 11
  61. Available at http://www.pmw.org.il.
  62. Available at http://www.worldpress.org (accessed January 8, 2006).
  63. Atran S. Genesis of suicide terrorism. Science. 2003;299:1534–1539
  64. Ganor B. The Counter-Terrorism Puzzle: A Guide for Decision Makers. In: New Brunswic, NJ: Transaction Publishers; 2005;p. 79–84
  65. Philips YY. Primary blast injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 1986;15:1446–1450
  66. Hiss J, Kahana T. Modern war wounds. In:  Mason JK,  Purdue BN editor. The Pathology of Trauma. 3rd ed.. London: Edward Arnold; 2000;p. 89–102
  67. de Candole CA. Blast injury. Can Med Assoc J. 1967;96:207–214
  68. Stuhmiller JH, Phillips YY, Richmond DR. The physics and mechanics of primary blast injury. In:  Bellamy RF,  Zajtchuk R editor. Conventional Warfare: Ballistic last and Burn Injuries. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General of the US Army; 1991;p. 241–270
  69. Iremonger MJ. Physics of detonations and blast waves. In:  Cooper GJ,  Dudley HAF,  Gann DS editor. Scientific foundations of trauma. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1997;p. 189–199
  70. Yelverton JT. Blast biology. In:  Cooper GJ,  Dudley HAF,  Gann DS editor. Scientific Foundations of Trauma. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1997;p. 200–213
  71. Kluger Y, Soffer D, Sorkine P, Aladgem D. Blast injury: detonation and injury pattern. Harefuah. 1997;132:591–593
  72. Chaloner E. Blast injury in enclosed spaces. BMJ. 2005;331:119–120
  73. Almogy G, Belzberg H, Mintz Y, Pikarsky AJ, Zamir G, Rivkind AI. Suicide bombing attacks: update and modifications to the protocol. Ann Surg. 2004;239:295–303
  74. Leibovici D, Gofrit ON, Stein M, et al. Blast injuries in a bus versus open air bombings: a comparative study of injuries in survivors of open air versus confined space explosions. J Trauma. 1996;41:1030–1035
  75. Rignault DP, Deligny MC. The 1986 terrorist bombing experience in Paris. Ann Surg. 1989;209:368–373
  76. Arnold JL, Halpern P, Tsai M-C, Smithline H. Mass casualty terrorist bombings: a comparison of outcomes by bombing type. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;43:263–273
  77. Kluger Y, Peleg K, Daniel-Aharonson L, Mayo A Israeli Trauma Group. The special injury pattern in terrorist bombings. J Am Coll Surg. 2004;199:875–879
  78. Kluger Y, Kashuk J, Mayo A. Terror bombing-mechanisms, consequences and implications. Scand J Surg. 2004;93:11–14
  79. Almogy G, Luria T, Richter E, Pizov R, Bdolah-Abram T, Mintz Y, et al. Can external signs of trauma guide management? (Lessons learned from suicide bombing attacks in Israel). Arch Surg. 2004;140:390–393
  80. Peleg K, Aharonson-Daniel L, Stein M, et al. Gunshot and explosion injuries: characteristics, outcomes, and implications for care of terror-related injuries in Israel. Ann Surg. 2004;239:311–318
  81. Peral-Gutierrez de Caballos J, Turegano-Fuentes F, Perez-Diaz D, Sanz-Sanchez M, Martin-Llorente C, Guerrero-Sanz JE. 11 March 2004: the terrorist bomb explosions in Madrid, Spain—an analysis of the logistics, injuries sustained and clinical management of casualties treated at the closest hospital. Crit Care. 2005;1:104–111
  82. Mellor SG. The pathogenesis of blast injury and its management. Br J Hosp Med. 1988;39:536–539
  83. Stapczynski JS. Blast injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 1982;11:687–694
  84. Kluger Y. Bomb explosions in acts of terrorism: detonation, wound ballistics, triage and medical concerns. Isr Med Assoc J. 2003;5:235–240
  85. Mellor SG, Cooper GJ. Analysis of 828 servicemen killed or injured by explosion in Northern Ireland 1970-84: the Hostile Action Casualty System. Br J Surg. 1989;76:1006–1010
  86. Hadden MA, Rutherford WH, Merrett JD. The injuries of terrorist bombings: a study of 1532 consecutive patients. Br J Surg. 1978;65:525–531
  87. Stein M, Hirshberg A. Medical consequences of terrorism (The conventional weapon threat). Surg Clin North Am. 1999;79:1537–1552
  88. Stuhmiller JH, Phillips YY, Richmond DR. The physics and mechanics of primary blast injury. In:  Bellamy RF,  Zajtchuk R editor. Conventional Warfare: Ballistic last and Burn Injuries. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General of the US Army; 1991;p. 241–270
  89. Clemedson CJ, Pettersson H. Propagation of high explosive air shock wave through different parts of the animal body. Am J Physiol. 1956;184:119–126
  90. Brown R, Cooper G, Maynard R. The ultrastructure of rat lung following acute primary blast injury. Int J Exp Pathol. 1993;74:151–162
  91. Caseby NG, Porter MF. Blast injuries to the lungs: clinical presentation, management and course. Injury. 1976;8:1–12
  92. Phillips YY, Zajtchuk R. The management of primary blast injury. In:  Bellamy RF,  Zajtchuk R editor. Conventional Warfare: Ballistic last and Burn Injuries. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General of the US Army; 1991;p. 295–335
  93. Halpern P, Tsai MC, Arnold JL, Stok E, Ersoy G. Mass-casualty, terrorist bombings: implications for emergency department and hospital emergency response. Prehospital Disaster Med. 2003;18:235–244
  94. Ho AM-H, Ling E. Systemic air embolism after lung trauma. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:564–575
  95. Elsayed NM, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Menshikova EV, Kisin ER, Kagan VE. Antioxidant depletion, lipid peroxidation, and impairment of calcium transport induced by air-blast overpressure in rat lungs. Exp Lung Res. 1996;22:179–200
  96. Weiler-Ravell D, Adatto R, Borman JB. Blast injury of the chest: review of the problem and its treatment. Isr J Med Sci. 1975;11:268–274
  97. Damon EG, Jones RK. Comparative Effects of Hyperopia and Hyperbaric Pressure in the Treatment of Primary Blast Injury. (Technical report DASA 2708) Washington, DC: Headquarters, Defense Nuclear Agency; 1971;
  98. Mayorga MA. The pathology of primary blast overpressure injury. Toxicology. 1997;121:17–28
  99. Sharpnack DD, Johnson AJ, Philips YY. The pathology of primary blast injury. In:  Bellamy RF,  Zajtchuk R editor. Conventional Warfare: Ballistics, Blast and Burn Injuries. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General of the US Army; 1991;p. 271–294
  100. Cooper GJ, Taylor DE. Biophysics of impact injury to the chest and abdomen. J R Army Med Corps. 1989;135:58–67
  101. Oppenheim A, Pizov R, Pikarsky A, et al. Tension pneumoperitoneum after blast injury: dramatic improvement in ventilatory and hemodynamic parameters after surgical decompression. J Trauma. 1998;44:915–917
  102. Clemedson C-J. Blast injury. Physiol Rev. 1956;36:336–354
  103. Cohn SM. Pulmonary contusion: review of the clinical entity. J Trauma. 1997;42:973–979
  104. Eckert MJ, Clagett C, Martin M, Azarow K. Bronchoscopy in the blast injury patient. Arch Surg. 2006;141:806–809
  105. Shaham D, Sella T, Goitein O, et al. Terror attacks: the role of imaging. In:  Shemer J,  Shoenfeld Y editor. Terror and Medicine (Medical Aspects of Biological, Chemical and Radiological Terrorism). Lengerich, Germany: Pabst Science Publishers; 2003;p. 394–408
  106. Coppel DL. Blast injuries of the lungs. Br J Surg. 1976;63:735–737
  107. Pizov R, Oppenheim-Eden A, Matot I, et al. Blast lung injury from an explosion on a civilian bus. Chest. 1999;115:165–172
  108. Steuer G, Goodman S, Levin P, et al. Acute lung injuries among survivors of suicide bomb attacks. In:  Shemer J,  Shoenfeld Y editor. Terror and Medicine (Medical Aspects of Biological, Chemical and Radiological Terrorism). Lengerich, Germany: Pabst Science Publishers; 2003;p. 420–431
  109. Sorkine P, Szold O, Kluger Y, et al. Permissive hypercapnia ventilation in patients with severe pulmonary blast injury. J Trauma. 1998;45:35–38
  110. Melzer E, Hersche M, Fischer D, Hershko C. Disseminated intravascular coagulation and hypopotassemia associated with blast lung injury. Chest. 1986;89:690–693
  111. Hirshberg B, Oppenheim-Eden A, Pizov R, et al. Recovery from blast lung injury (One year follow-up). Chest. 1999;116:1683–1688
  112. Januszkiewicz AJ, Mundie TG, Dodd KT. Maximal exercise performance-impairing effects of simulated blast overpressure in sheep. Toxicology. 1997;121:51–63
  113. Melzer E, Hersch M, Fischer D, Hershko C. Disseminated intravascular coagulation and hypopotassemia associated with blast lung injury. Chest. 1986;89:690–693
  114. Phillips YY, Zajtchuk R. Management of primary blast injury. In:  Bellamy RF,  Zajtchuk R editor. Conventional Warfare: Ballistic last and Burn Injuries. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General of the US Army; 1991;p. 295–335
  115. Paran H, Neufeld D, Shwartz I, et al. Perforation of the terminal ileum induced by blast injury: delayed diagnosis or delayed perforation. J Trauma. 1996;40:472–475
  116. Sarkisian AE, Khondkarian RA, Amirbekian NM, Bagdasarian NB, Khojayan RL, Oganesian YT. Sonographic screening of mass casualties for abdominal and renal injuries following the 1988 Armenian earthquake. J Trauma. 1991;31:247–250
  117. Blaivas M. Triage in the trauma bay with the focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) examination. J Emerg Med. 2001;21:41–44
  118. Harmon JW, Haluszka M. Care of blast-injured casualties with gastrointestinal injuries. Mil Med. 1983;148:586–588
  119. Mallonee S. Physical injuries and fatalities resulting from the Oklahoma City bombing. JAMA. 1996;276:382–387
  120. Wightman J, Gladish S. Explosions and blast injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;37:664–678
  121. Patterson J, Hamernik R. Blast overpressure induced structural and functional changes the auditory system. Toxicology. 1997;121:29–40
  122. Garth RJN. Blast injury of the ear. In:  Cooper GJ,  Dudley HAF,  Gann DS editor. Scientific Foundations of Trauma. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1997;p. 225–235
  123. Ziv M, Philipsohn NC, Leventon G, Man A. Blast injury of the ear: treatment and evaluation. Mil Med. 1973;138:811–813
  124. Kronenberg J, Ben-Shoshan J, Modan M, Leventon G. Blast injury and cholesteatoma. Am J Otol. 1988;9:127–130
  125. Cohen JT, Ziv G, Bloom J, et al. Blast injury of the ear in a confined space explosion: auditory and vestibular evaluation. Isr Med Assoc J. 2002;4:559–562
  126. DePalma RG, Burris DG, Champion HR, Hodgson MJ. Current concepts: blast injuries. N Eng J Med. 2005;352:1335–1342
  127. Leibovici D, Gofrit ON, Shapira SC. Eardrum perforation in explosion survivors: is it a marker of pulmonary blast injury?. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34:168–172
  128. Hill JF. Blast injury with particular reference to recent terrorist bombing incidents. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1979;61:4–11
  129. Rosenthal G, Roemi L, Shoshan Y, Segal R, Umansky F. Penetrating head injuries from terrorist bomb blasts: the Jerusalem experience. Presented as an abstract at the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. 2004;San Francisco, CA, October
  130. Peleg K, Aharonson-Daniel L, Michael M, Shapira SC Israel Trauma Group. Patterns of injury in hospitalized terrorist victims. Am J Emerg Med. 2003;21:258–262
  131. Cernak I, Wang Z, Jiang J, et al. Ultrastructural and functional characteristics of blast injury-induced neurotrauma. J Trauma. 2001;50:695–706
  132. Aschkenasy-Steuer G, Shamir M, Rivkind A, et al. Clinical review: The Israeli experience: conventional terrorism and critical care. Crit Care. 2005;9:490–499
  133. Rosenthal G, Segal R, Umansky F. Penetrating brain injuries. In:  Schmidek HH,  Sweet WH editor. Operative Neurosurgical Techniques: Indications, Methods, and Results. 5th ed. Elsevier Science; 2005;
  134. Mines M, Thach A, Mallonee S, Hildebrand L, Shariat S. Ocular injuries sustained by survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:837–843
  135. Mimran S, Rotem R. Ocular trauma under the shadow of terror. Insight. 2005;30:10–12
  136. Brunette D. Ophthalmology: ocular trauma. In:  Marx J,  Hockberger R,  Walls R editor. Rosen’s emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby; 2002;p. 802–813
  137. Langworthy MJ, Sabra J, Gould M. Terrorism and blast phenomena: lessons learned from the attack on the USS Cole (DDG67). Clin Orthop. 2004;422:82–87
  138. Einav S, Aharonson-Daniel L, Weissman C, Freund H, Peleg K Israel Trauma Group. In-hospital resource utilization during mass casualty incidents. Ann Surg. 2006;243:533–540
  139. Shamir MY, Weiss YG, Willner D, et al. Multiple casualty terror events: the anesthesiologist’s perspective. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:1746–1752
  140. Weil Y, Kaloyan P, Liebergall M, Mintz Y, Mosheiff R. Long bone fractures caused by penetrating injuries in terrorist attacks. J Trauma. 2007;62:909–912
  141. Eylon S, Mosheiff R, Liebergall M, Wolf E, Brocke L, Peyser A. Delayed reaction to shrapnel retained in soft tissue. Injury. 2005;36:275–281
  142. Rhee JM, Martin R. The management of retained bullets in the limbs. Injury. 1997;28:S-C23-8
  143. Mosheiff R, Weil Y, Khoury A, Liebergall M. The use of computerized navigation in the treatment of gunshot and shrapnel injury. Comput Aided Surg. 2004;9:39–43
  144. Saukko P, Knight B. Gunshot and explosion deaths. In: Knight’s forensic pathology. 3rd ed. London: Arnold; 2004;p. 248–280
  145. Covey DC, Peterson DA. Treatment of musculoskeletal blast wounds at a Navy field hospital during the Balkans War. Tech Orthop. 1995;10:195–205
  146. Bumbašireviæ M, Lesic A, Mitkovic M, Bumbašireviæ V. Treatment of blast injuries of the extremity. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2006;14:S77–S81
  147. Ad-El DD, Mintz Y, Eldad A, et al. Suicide bombing injuries: the Jerusalem experience of exceptional tissue damage posing a new challenge for the reconstructive surgeons. Plast Reconst Surg. 2006;118:383–387
  148. Wolf YG, Rivkind A. Vascular trauma in high-velocity gunshot wounds and shrapnel-blast injuries in Israel. Surg Clin North Am. 2002;82:237–244
  149. Rhee PM, Acosta J, Bridgeman A, et al. Survival after emergency department thoracotomy: review of published data from the past 25 years. J Am Coll Surg. 2000;190:288–298
  150. Eshkol Z, Katz K. Injuries from biologic material of suicide bombers. Injury. 2005;36:271–274
  151. Braverman I, Wexler D, Oren M. A novel mode of infection with hepatitis B: penetrating bone fragments due the explosion of a suicide bomber. Isr Med Assoc J. 2002;4:528–529
  152. Wong JM, Marsh D, Abu-Sitta G, Lau S, Mann HA, Nawabi DH, et al. Biological foreign body implantation in victims of the London July 7th suicide bombings. J Trauma. 2006;60:402–404
  153. Leibner E, Weil Y, Gross E, Liebergall M, Mosheiff R. A broken bone without a fracture: traumatic foreign bone implantation resulting from a mass casualty bombing. J Trauma. 2005;58:388–390
  154. Available at http://www.health.gov.il/download/forms/a1434-mr72-01.pdf (accessed November 2, 2006).
  155. Wolf DG, Polacheck I, Block C, et al. High rate of candidemia in patients sustaining Injuries in a bomb blast at a marketplace: a possible environmental source. Clin Inf Dis. 2000;31:712–716
  156. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beslan-school-hostage-crisis (accessed June 28, 2006).
  157. Aahronson-Daniel L, Waisman Y, Dannon Y, Peleg K members of the Israeli Trauma Group. Epidemiology of terror-related versus non-terror-related traumatic injury in children. Pediatrics. 2003;112:280–284
  158. Amir LD, Aharonson-Daniel L, Peleg K, Waisman Y Israeli Trauma Group. The severity of injury in children resulting from acts against civilian populations. Ann Surg. 2005;241:666–670
  159. Waisman Y, Aharonson-Daniel L, Mor M, Amir L, Peleg K. The impact of terrorism on children: a two-year experience. Prehospital Disaster Med. 2004;19:3701

PII: S0011-3840(07)00075-5

doi: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2007.05.002

Current Problems in Surgery
Volume 44, Issue 8 , Pages 496-554 , August 2007