Current Problems in Surgery
Volume 45, Issue 4 , Pages 261-312 , April 2008

Inguinal Hernia in the 21st Century: An Evidence-Based Review

References 

  1. Nyhus LM, Klein MS, Rogers FB. Inguinal hernia. Curr Probl Surg. 1991;28(6):401–450
  2. Read RC. Recent advances in the repair of groin herniation. Curr Probl Surg. 2003;40(1):13–79
  3. Park AE, Roth JS, Kavic SM. Abdominal wall hernia. Curr Probl Surg. 2006;43(5):326–375
  4. Rutkow IM. Demographic and socioeconomic aspects of hernia repair in the United States in 2003. Surg Clin North Am. 2003;83(5):1045–1051, v-vi.
  5. Russo CA, Owens P, Steiner C, Josephsen J. Ambulatory Surgery in US Hospitals, 2003—HCUP Fact Book No. 9. AHRQ Publication No 07-0007 2007. http://www.ahrq.gov/data/hcup/factbk9/Accessed December 15, 2007
  6. Primatesta P, Goldacre MJ. Inguinal hernia repair: incidence of elective and emergency surgery, readmission and mortality. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25(4):835–839
  7. Abrahamson J. Etiology and pathophysiology of primary and recurrent groin hernia formation. Surg Clin North Am. 1998;78(6):953–972vi
  8. Read RC. The development of inguinal herniorrhaphy. Surg Clin North Am. 1984;64(2):185–196
  9. Rutkow IM. A selective history of groin hernia surgery in the early 19th century (The anatomic atlases of Astley Cooper, Franz Hesselbach, Antonio Scarpa, and Jules-Germain Cloquet). Surg Clin North Am. 1998;78(6):921–940, v.
  10. Marcy H. A new use of carbolized cat gut ligatures. Boston Med Surg J. 1871;315–316
  11. Bassini E. Sulla cura radicale dell’ernia inguinale. Arch Soc Ital Chir. 1887;380
  12. Bendavid R. New techniques in hernia repair. World J Surg. 1989;13(5):522–531
  13. Rutkow IM. A selective history of groin herniorrhaphy in the 20th century. Surg Clin North Am. 1993;73(3):395–411
  14. Ger R, Monroe K, Duvivier R, Mishrick A. Management of indirect inguinal hernias by laparoscopic closure of the neck of the sac. Am J Surg. 1990;159(4):370–373
  15. Cooper A. The Anatomy and Surgical Treatment of Abdominal Hernia. London: Longman and Co; 1804;
  16. Fruchaud H. Anatomie chirurgicale des hernies de l’Aine. Paris: Doin; 1956;
  17. Hessert W. Some observations on the anatomy of the inguinal region with special reference to absence of the conjoined tendon. Surg Gyn Obstet. 1913;16(5):566–568
  18. Zollinger RM. Classification systems for groin hernias. Surg Clin North Am. 2003;83(5):1053–1063
  19. Nyhus LM. Individualization of hernia repair: a new era. Surgery. 1993;114(1):1–2
  20. Miserez M, Alexandre JH, Campanelli G, Corcione F, Cuccurullo D, Pascual MH, et al. The European hernia society groin hernia classification: simple and easy to remember. Hernia. 2007;11(2):113–116
  21. Keith A. On the origin and nature of hernia. Br J Surg. 1924;11:455–475
  22. Friedman DW, Boyd CD, Norton P, Greco RS, Boyarsky AH, Mackenzie JW, et al. Increases in type III collagen gene expression and protein synthesis in patients with inguinal hernias. Ann Surg. 1993;218(6):754–760
  23. Klinge U, Binnebosel M, Mertens PR. Are collagens the culprits in the development of incisional and inguinal hernia disease?. Hernia. 2006;10(6):472–477
  24. Oguzkurt P, Kayaselcuk F, Tuncer I, Alkan M, Hicsonmez A. Evaluation of extracellular matrix protein composition in sacs associated with undescended testis, hydrocele, inguinal hernia, and peritoneum. Urology. 2007;70(2):346–350
  25. Szczesny W, Cerkaska K, Tretyn A, Dabrowiecki S. Etiology of inguinal hernia: ultrastructure of rectus sheath revisited. Hernia. 2006;10(3):266–271
  26. Russell R. The saccular theory of hernia and the radical operation. Lancet. 1906;3:1197–1203
  27. Abrahamson J. Repair of inguinal hernias in infants and children (The approaches of a pediatric surgeon). Clin Pediatr. 1973;12(10):617–621(Phila)
  28. Cannon DJ, Read RC. Metastatic emphysema: a mechanism for acquiring inguinal herniation. Ann Surg. 1981;194(3):270–278
  29. Brown MW, Hamilton DN, Junor BJ. Surgical complications in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1983;28(3):141–146
  30. Belghiti JPY. Herniorrhaphy in cirrhotic patients with umbilical hernia. Postgrad Gen Surg. 1992;4:129–130
  31. Bendavid R. The unified theory of hernia formation. Hernia. 2004;8(3):171–176
  32. Liem MS, van der Graaf Y, Beemer FA, van Vroonhoven TJ. Increased risk for inguinal hernia in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Surgery. 1997;122(1):114–115
  33. Wagh PV, Leverich AP, Sun CN, White HJ, Read RC. Direct inguinal herniation in men: a disease of collagen. J Surg Res. 1974;17(6):425–433
  34. Peacock EE, Madden JW. Studies on the biology and treatment of recurrent inguinal hernia (II. Morphological changes). Ann Surg. 1974;179(5):567–571
  35. Conner WT, Peacock EE. Some studies on the etiology of inguinal hernia. Am J Surg. 1973;126(6):732–735
  36. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Risk factors for inguinal hernia among adults in the US population. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(10):1154–1161
  37. Lau H, Fang C, Yuen WK, Patil NG. Risk factors for inguinal hernia in adult males: a case-control study. Surgery. 2007;141(2):262–266
  38. Griffith CA. The Marcy repair of indirect inguinal hernia. Surg Clin North Am. 1971;51(6):1309–1316
  39. Griffith CA. The Marcy repair revisited. Surg Clin North Am. 1984;64(2):215–227
  40. Wantz GE. The operation of Bassini as described by Attilio Catterina. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1989;168(1):67–80
  41. Bassini E. Ueber de Behandlung des Leistenbruches. Arch Klin Chir. 1890;40:429–476
  42. Halsted W. The radical cure of hernia. Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull. 1889;1:12
  43. Shouldice E. The treatment of hernia. Ontario Med Rev. 1953;20:670–684
  44. Wantz GE. The Canadian repair: personal observations. World J Surg. 1989;13(5):516–521
  45. Glassow F. The Shouldice Hospital technique. Int Surg. 1986;71(3):148–153
  46. Hay JM, Boudet MJ, Fingerhut A, Poucher J, Hennet H, Habib E, et al. Shouldice inguinal hernia repair in the male adult: the gold standard? (A multicenter controlled trial in 1578 patients). Ann Surg. 1995;222(6):719–727
  47. Hospital TS. The Shouldice Environment. http://www.shouldice.com/operate.htm1998. Accessed December 13, 2007
  48. Shouldice EB. The Shouldice repair for groin hernias. Surg Clin North Am. 2003;83(5):1163–1187, vii.
  49. Stobie B. Shouldice Hospital: dedicated to the repair of hernias. Can Oper Room Nurs J. 1999;17(4):30–32
  50. McVay CaA BJ. Composition of the rectus sheath. Anat Rec. 1940;77:213–225
  51. Stoppa R. About biomaterials and how they work in groin hernia repairs. Hernia. 2003;7(2):57–60
  52. Rives J, Lardennois B, Flament JB, Convers G. [The Dacron mesh sheet, treatment of choice of inguinal hernias in adults (Apropos of 183 cases]). Chirurgie. 1973;99(8):564–575
  53. Usher FC, Ochsner J, Tuttle LL. Use of Marlex mesh in the repair of incisional hernias. Am Surg. 1958;24(12):969–974
  54. Read RC. The contributions of Usher and others to the elimination of tension from groin herniorrhaphy. Hernia. 2005;9(3):208–211
  55. Amid PK, Lichtenstein IL, Shulman AG, Hakakha M. Biomaterials for “tension-free” hernioplasties and principles of their applications. Minerva Chir. 1995;50(9):821–826
  56. Read RC. Milestones in the history of hernia surgery: prosthetic repair. Hernia. 2004;8(1):8–14
  57. Lichtenstein IL. Hernia repair without disability. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1970;
  58. Reuben B, Neumayer L. Surgical management of inguinal hernia. Adv Surg. 2006;40:299–317
  59. Lichtenstein IL, Shulman AG, Amid PK, Montllor MM. The tension-free hernioplasty. Am J Surg. 1989;157(2):188–193
  60. Read RC. Francis F (Usher: the herniologist of the twentieth century). Hernia. 1999;3:57–61
  61. Friis E, Lindahl F. The tension-free hernioplasty in a randomized trial. Am J Surg. 1996;172(4):315–319
  62. Amid PK, Shulman AG, Lichtenstein IL. Open “tension-free” repair of inguinal hernias: the Lichtenstein technique. Eur J Surg. 1996;162(6):447–453
  63. Shulman AG, Amid PK, Lichtenstein IL. The safety of mesh repair for primary inguinal hernias: results of 3,019 operations from five diverse surgical sources. Am Surg. 1992;58(4):255–257
  64. Stoppa R, Quintyn M. [Deficiencies of the abdominal wall in aged persons]. Sem Hop. 1969;45(31):2182–2184
  65. Nyhus LM, Condon RE, Harkins HN. Clinical experiences with preperitoneal hernial repair for all types of hernia of the groin, with particular reference to the importance of transversalis fascia analogues. Am J Surg. 1960;100:234–244
  66. Wantz GE. Giant prosthetic reinforcement of the visceral sac. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1989;169(5):408–417
  67. Shulman AG, Amid PK, Lichtenstein IL. The “plug” repair of 1402 recurrent inguinal hernias: 20-year experience. Arch Surg. 1990;125(2):265–267
  68. Lichtenstein IL, Shore JM. Simplified repair of femoral and recurrent inguinal hernias by a “plug” technic. Am J Surg. 1974;128(3):439–444
  69. Rutkow IM, Robbins AW. “Tension-free” inguinal herniorraphy: a preliminary report on the mesh plug technique. Surgery. 1993;114:3–8
  70. Wantz GE. [My experience in repairing, without tension, primary inguinal hernia in men]. Chirurgie. 1997;122(2):111–116
  71. Kugel RD. The Kugel repair for groin hernias. Surg Clin North Am. 2003;83(5):1119–1139
  72. Awad SS, Fagan SP. Current approaches to inguinal hernia repair. Am J Surg. 2004;188(6A suppl):9S–16S
  73. Mayagoitia JC. Inguinal hernioplasty with the Prolene Hernia System. Hernia. 2004;8(1):64–66
  74. Litynski G, Schaeff B, Paolucci V. [The 100th birthday of Heinz Kalk (A breakthrough in laparoscopy]). Z Gastroenterol. 1995;33(10):594–597
  75. Schultz LS, Graber JN, Pietrafitta J, Hickok DF. Early results with laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy are promising. Clin Laser Mon. 1990;8(7):103–105
  76. Dion YM, Morin J. Laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy. Can J Surg. 1992;35(2):209–212
  77. Corbitt JD. Laparoscopic herniorrhaphy (A preperitoneal tension-free approach). Surg Endosc. 1993;7(6):550–555
  78. McKernan JB, Laws HL. Laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernias using a totally extraperitoneal prosthetic approach. Surg Endosc. 1993;7(1):26–28
  79. Davis CJ, Arregui ME. Laparoscopic repair for groin hernias. Surg Clin North Am. 2003;83(5):1141–1161
  80. Ekberg O, Lasson A, Kesek P, van Westen D. Ipsilateral multiple groin hernias. Surgery. 1994;115(5):557–562
  81. Kingsnorth AN, Britton BJ, Morris PJ. Recurrent inguinal hernia after local anaesthetic repair. Br J Surg. 1981;68(4):273–275
  82. Neumayer L, Giobbie-Hurder A, Jonasson O, Fitzgibbons R, Dunlop D, Gibbs J, et al. Open mesh versus laparoscopic mesh repair of inguinal hernia. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(18):1819–1827
  83. Wilkiemeyer M, Pappas TN, Giobbie-Hurder A, Itani KM, Jonasson O, Neumayer LA. Does resident post graduate year influence the outcomes of inguinal hernia repair?. Ann Surg. 2005;241(6):879–882, discussion 82-4.
  84. Beets GL, Oosterhuis KJ, Go PM, Baeten CG, Kootstra G. Longterm followup (12-15 years) of a randomized controlled trial comparing Bassini-Stetten, Shouldice, and high ligation with narrowing of the internal ring for primary inguinal hernia repair. J Am Coll Surg. 1997;185(4):352–357
  85. Panos RG, Beck DE, Maresh JE, Harford FJ. Preliminary results of a prospective randomized study of Cooper’s ligament versus Shouldice herniorrhaphy technique. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1992;175(4):315–319
  86. Wantz GE. Shouldice repair. Comtemp Surg. 1988;33:15–21
  87. Junge K, Rosch R, Klinge U, Schwab R, Peiper C, Binnebosel M, et al. Risk factors related to recurrence in inguinal hernia repair: a retrospective analysis. Hernia. 2006;10(4):309–315
  88. Grant AM. Open mesh versus non-mesh repair of groin hernia: meta-analysis of randomised trials based on individual patient data. [corrected] Hernia. 2002;6(3):130–136
  89. Kark AE, Kurzer MN, Belsham PA. Three thousand one hundred seventy-five primary inguinal hernia repairs: advantages of ambulatory open mesh repair using local anesthesia. J Am Coll Surg. 1998;186(4):447–455, discussion 56.
  90. Barth RJ, Burchard KW, Tosteson A, Sutton JE, Colacchio TA, Henriques HF, et al. Short-term outcome after mesh or shouldice herniorrhaphy: a randomized, prospective study. Surgery. 1998;123(2):121–126
  91. Nordin P, Bartelmess P, Jansson C, Svensson C, Edlund G. Randomized trial of Lichtenstein versus Shouldice hernia repair in general surgical practice. Br J Surg. 2002;89(1):45–49
  92. Miedema BW, Ibrahim SM, Davis BD, Koivunen DG. A prospective trial of primary inguinal hernia repair by surgical trainees. Hernia. 2004;8(1):28–32
  93. Danielsson P, Isacson S, Hansen MV. Randomised study of Lichtenstein compared with Shouldice inguinal hernia repair by surgeons in training. Eur J Surg. 1999;165(1):49–53
  94. McGillicuddy JE. Prospective randomized comparison of the Shouldice and Lichtenstein hernia repair procedures. Arch Surg. 1998;133(9):974–978
  95. Frey DM, Wildisen A, Hamel CT, Zuber M, Oertli D, Metzger J. Randomized clinical trial of Lichtenstein’s operation versus mesh plug for inguinal hernia repair. Br J Surg. 2007;94(1):36–41
  96. Awad SS, Yallampalli S, Srour AM, Bellows CF, Albo D, Berger DH. Improved outcomes with the Prolene Hernia System mesh compared with the time-honored Lichtenstein onlay mesh repair for inguinal hernia repair. Am J Surg. 2007;193(6):697–701
  97. Sanjay P, Harris D, Jones P, Woodward A. Randomized controlled trial comparing Prolene hernia system and Lichtenstein method for inguinal hernia repair. ANZ J Surg. 2006;76(7):548–552
  98. Mayagoitia JC, Prieto-Diaz Chavez E, Suarez D, Cisneros HA, Tene CE. Predictive factors comparison of complications and recurrences in three tension-free herniorraphy techniques. Hernia. 2006;10(2):147–151
  99. Nienhuijs S, Kortmann B, Boerma M, Strobbe L, Rosman C. Preferred mesh-based inguinal hernia repair in a teaching setting: results of a randomized study. Arch Surg. 2004;139(10):1097–1100
  100. Sarli L, Pietra N, Choua O, Costi R, Cattaneo G. Laparoscopic hernia repair: a prospective comparison of TAPP and IPOM techniques. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1997;7(6):472–476
  101. Paganini AM, Lezoche E, Carle F, Carlei F, Favretti F, Feliciotti F, et al. A randomized, controlled, clinical study of laparoscopic vs open tension-free inguinal hernia repair. Surg Endosc. 1998;12(7):979–986
  102. Johansson B, Hallerback B, Glise H, Anesten B, Smedberg S, Roman J. Laparoscopic mesh versus open preperitoneal mesh versus conventional technique for inguinal hernia repair: a randomized multicenter trial (SCUR Hernia Repair Study). Ann Surg. 1999;230(2):225–231
  103. Wright D, Paterson C, Scott N, Hair A, O’Dwyer PJ. Five-year follow-up of patients undergoing laparoscopic or open groin hernia repair: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2002;235(3):333–337
  104. Lal P, Kajla RK, Chander J, Saha R, Ramteke VK. Randomized controlled study of laparoscopic total extraperitoneal versus open Lichtenstein inguinal hernia repair. Surg Endosc. 2003;17(6):850–856
  105. Andersson B, Hallen M, Leveau P, Bergenfelz A, Westerdahl J. Laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair versus open mesh repair: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Surgery. 2003;133(5):464–472
  106. Horeyseck G, Roland F, Rolfes N. [“Tension-free” repair of inguinal hernia: laparoscopic (TAPP) versus open (Lichtenstein) repair]. Chirurg. 1996;67(10):1036–1040
  107. Beets GL, Dirksen CD, Go PM, Geisler FE, Baeten CG, Kootstra G. Open or laparoscopic preperitoneal mesh repair for recurrent inguinal hernia? (A randomized controlled trial). Surg Endosc. 1999;13(4):323–327
  108. Fitzgibbons RJ, Puri V. Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Am Surg. 2006;72(3):197–206
  109. Poobalan AS, Bruce J, Smith WC, King PM, Krukowski ZH, Chambers WA. A review of chronic pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy. Clin J Pain. 2003;19(1):48–54
  110. Callesen T, Kehlet H. Postherniorrhaphy pain. Anesthesiology. 1997;87(5):1219–1230
  111. McCarthy M, Chang CH, Pickard AS, Giobbie-Hurder A, Price DD, Jonasson O, et al. Visual analog scales for assessing surgical pain. J Am Coll Surg. 2005;201(2):245–252
  112. Amid PK. A 1-stage surgical treatment for postherniorrhaphy neuropathic pain: triple neurectomy and proximal end implantation without mobilization of the cord. Arch Surg. 2002;137(1):100–104
  113. Heise CP, Starling JR. Mesh inguinodynia: a new clinical syndrome after inguinal herniorrhaphy?. J Am Coll Surg. 1998;187(5):514–518
  114. Seid AS, Amos E. Entrapment neuropathy in laparoscopic herniorrhaphy. Surg Endosc. 1994;8(9):1050–1053
  115. Madura JA, Madura JA, Copper CM, Worth RM. Inguinal neurectomy for inguinal nerve entrapment: an experience with 100 patients. Am J Surg. 2005;189(3):283–287
  116. Bower S, Moore BB, Weiss SM. Neuralgia after inguinal hernia repair. Am Surg. 1996;62(8):664–667
  117. Amid PK, Hiatt JR. New understanding of the causes and surgical treatment of postherniorrhaphy inguinodynia and orchalgia. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;205(2):381–385
  118. Repair of groin hernia with synthetic mesh: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Surg. 2002;235(3):322–332
  119. Cunningham J, Temple WJ, Mitchell P, Nixon JA, Preshaw RM, Hagen NA. Cooperative hernia study (Pain in the postrepair patient). Ann Surg. 1996;224(5):598–602
  120. Tsakayannis DE, Kiriakopoulos AC, Linos DA. Elective neurectomy during open, “tension free” inguinal hernia repair. Hernia. 2004;8(1):67–69
  121. Alfieri S, Di Miceli D, Doglietto GB. Prophylactic ilioinguinal neurectomy in open inguinal hernia repair. Ann Surg. 2007;245(4):663
  122. Alfieri S, Rotondi F, Di Giorgio A, Fumagalli U, Salzano A, Di Miceli D, et al. Influence of preservation versus division of ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and genital nerves during open mesh herniorrhaphy: prospective multicentric study of chronic pain. Ann Surg. 2006;243(4):553–558
  123. Kingsnorth A. Classifying postherniorrhaphy pain syndromes following elective inguinal hernia repair. World J Surg. 2007;31(9):1766–1767
  124. Matthews RD, Anthony T, Kim LT, Wang J, Fitzgibbons RJ, Giobbie-Hurder A, et al. Factors associated with postoperative complications and hernia recurrence for patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair: a report from the VA Cooperative Hernia Study Group. Am J Surg. 2007;194(5):611–617
  125. Ferzli GS, Edwards ED, Khoury GE. Chronic pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;205(2):333–341
  126. Dennis R, O’Riordan D. Risk factors for chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2007;89(3):218–220
  127. Nienhuijs S, Staal E, Strobbe L, Rosman C, Groenewoud H, Bleichrodt R. Chronic pain after mesh repair of inguinal hernia: a systematic review. Am J Surg. 2007;194(3):394–400
  128. Mui WL, Ng CS, Fung TM, Cheung FK, Wong CM, Ma TH, et al. Prophylactic ilioinguinal neurectomy in open inguinal hernia repair: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2006;244(1):27–33
  129. Picchio M, Palimento D, Attanasio U, Matarazzo PF, Bambini C, Caliendo A. Randomized controlled trial of preservation or elective division of ilioinguinal nerve on open inguinal hernia repair with polypropylene mesh. Arch Surg. 2004;139(7):755–758, discussion 9.
  130. O’Dwyer PJ, Kingsnorth AN, Molloy RG, Small PK, Lammers B, Horeyseck G. Randomized clinical trial assessing impact of a lightweight or heavyweight mesh on chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair. Br J Surg. 2005;92(2):166–170
  131. The MRC Laparoscopic Groin Hernia Trial Group. Laparoscopic versus open repair of groin hernia: a randomised comparison. Lancet. 1999;354(9174):185–190
  132. Magee R. Genitofemoral causalgia (a new syndrome). Can Med Assoc J. 1942;46:326–329
  133. Lyon E. Genitofemoral causalgia. Can Med Assoc J. 1945;53:213–216
  134. Madura JA, Madura JA, Copper CM, Worth RM. Inguinal neurectomy for inguinal nerve entrapment: an experience with 100 patients. Am J Surg. 2005;189(3):283–287
  135. Reid I, Devlin HB. Testicular atrophy as a consequence of inguinal hernia repair. Br J Surg. 1994;81(1):91–93
  136. Fong Y, Wantz GE. Prevention of ischemic orchitis during inguinal hernioplasty. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1992;174(5):399–402
  137. Matsuda T. Diagnosis and treatment of post-herniorrhaphy vas deferens obstruction. Int J Urol. 2000;7(suppl):S35–S38
  138. Lau H, Lee F, Poon J. Clinical factors influencing return to work after ambulatory inguinal herniorrhaphy in Hong Kong. Ambul Surg. 2001;9(1):25–28
  139. McCarthy M, Jonasson O, Chang CH, Pickard AS, Giobbie-Hurder A, Gibbs J, et al. Assessment of patient functional status after surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2005;201(2):171–178
  140. Edwards CC, Bailey RW. Laparoscopic hernia repair: the learning curve. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2000;10(3):149–153
  141. Platt R, Zaleznik DF, Hopkins CC, Dellinger EP, Karchmer AW, Bryan CS, et al. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis for herniorrhaphy and breast surgery. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(3):153–160
  142. Gilbert AI, Felton LL. Infection in inguinal hernia repair considering biomaterials and antibiotics. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1993;177(2):126–130
  143. Aufenacker TJ, van Geldere D, van Mesdag T, Bossers AN, Dekker B, Scheijde E, et al. The role of antibiotic prophylaxis in prevention of wound infection after Lichtenstein open mesh repair of primary inguinal hernia: a multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2004;240(6):955–960, discussion 60-1.
  144. Sanchez-Manuel FJ, Lozano-Garcia J, Seco-Gil JL. Antibiotic prophylaxis for hernia repair. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;3:CD003769
  145. Fawole AS, Chaparala RP, Ambrose NS. Fate of the inguinal hernia following removal of infected prosthetic mesh. Hernia. 2006;10(1):58–61
  146. Delikoukos S, Tzovaras G, Liakou P, Mantzos F, Hatzitheofilou C. Late-onset deep mesh infection after inguinal hernia repair. Hernia. 2007;11(1):15–17
  147. Katkhouda N, Mavor E, Friedlander MH, Mason RJ, Kiyabu M, Grant SW, et al. Use of fibrin sealant for prosthetic mesh fixation in laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair. Ann Surg. 2001;233(1):18–25
  148. Taylor C, Layani L, Liew V, Ghusn M, Crampton N, White S. Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair without mesh fixation, early results of a large randomised clinical trial. Surg Endosc. 2007;Sept 21 (Epub ahead of print)
  149. Nordin P, Zetterstrom H, Carlsson P, Nilsson E. Cost-effectiveness analysis of local, regional and general anaesthesia for inguinal hernia repair using data from a randomized clinical trial. Br J Surg. 2007;94(4):500–505
  150. Molinelli BM, Tagliavia A, Bernstein D. Total extraperitoneal preperitoneal laparoscopic hernia repair using spinal anesthesia. J Soc Laparoendosc Surg. 2006;10(3):341–344
  151. The MRC Laparoscopic Groin Hernia Trial Group. Laparoscopic versus open repair of groin hernia: a randomised comparison. Lancet. 1999;354(9174):185–190
  152. Schneider BE, Castillo JM, Villegas L, Scott DJ, Jones DB. Laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal versus Lichtenstein herniorrhaphy: cost comparison at teaching hospitals. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2003;13(4):261–267
  153. Andersson B, Hallen M, Leveau P. Laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair versus open mesh repair (A prospective randomized controlled trial). Surgery. 2003;133(5):464–472
  154. Feliu X, Jaurrieta E, Vinas X, Macarulla E, Abad JM, Fernandez-Sallent E. Recurrent inguinal hernia: a ten-year review. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2004;14(6):362–367
  155. Swanstrom LL. Laparoscopic hernia repairs (The importance of cost as an outcome measurement at the century’s end). Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(4):1341–1351
  156. Fitzgibbons RJ, Giobbie-Hurder A, Gibbs JO, Dunlop DD, Reda DJ, McCarthy M, et al. Watchful waiting vs repair of inguinal hernia in minimally symptomatic men: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2006;295(3):285–292
  157. Stroupe KT, Manheim LM, Luo P, Giobbie-Hurder A, Hynes DM, Jonasson O, et al. Tension-free repair versus watchful waiting for men with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic inguinal hernias: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;203(4):458–468
  158. Brittenden J, Heys SD, Eremin O. Femoral hernia: mortality and morbidity following elective and emergency surgery. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1991;36(2):86–88
  159. Henderson WG, Khuri SF, Mosca C, Fink AS, Hutter MM, Neumayer LA. Comparison of risk-adjusted 30-day postoperative mortality and morbidity in Department of Veterans Affairs hospitals and selected university medical centers: general surgical operations in men. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204(6):1103–1114
  160. Nilsson H, Stylianidis G, Haapamaki M, Nilsson E, Nordin P. Mortality after groin hernia surgery. Ann Surg. 2007;245(4):656–660
  161. Franklin ME, Gonzalez JJ, Michaelson RP, Glass JL, Chock DA. Preliminary experience with new bioactive prosthetic material for repair of hernias in infected fields. Hernia. 2002;6(4):171–174
  162. Albo D, Awad SS, Berger DH, Bellows CF. Decellularized human cadaveric dermis provides a safe alternative for primary inguinal hernia repair in contaminated surgical fields. Am J Surg. 2006;192(5):e12–e17
  163. Rowe MI, Copelson LW, Clatworthy HW. The patent processus vaginalis and the inguinal hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1969;4(1):102–107
  164. Peevy KJ, Speed FA, Hoff CJ. Epidemiology of inguinal hernia in preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 1986;77(2):246–247
  165. Gahukamble DB, Khamage AS. Early versus delayed repair of reduced incarcerated inguinal hernias in the pediatric population. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31(9):1218–1220
  166. Skinner MA, Grosfeld JL. Inguinal and umbilical hernia repair in infants and children. Surg Clin North Am. 1993;73(3):439–449
  167. Mollen KP, Kane TD. Inguinal hernia: what we have learned from laparoscopic evaluation of the contralateral side. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2007;19(3):344–348
  168. Goni-Moreno I. Chronic eventrations and large hernias. Surgery. 1947;22:945–953
  169. Kirk RM. Which inguinal hernia repair?. Br Med J. 1983;287(6384):4–5(Clin Res Ed)
  170. Zimmermann L. The use of prosthetic materials in the repair of hernias. Surg Clin North Am. 1968;48:143

PII: S0011-3840(08)00003-8

doi: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2008.01.002

Current Problems in Surgery
Volume 45, Issue 4 , Pages 261-312 , April 2008