Current Problems in Surgery
Volume 46, Issue 7 , Pages 514-590 , July 2009

Unusual Tumors of the Breast

  • Kristin L. Cox, MD

      Affiliations

    • Virginia Clinton Kelley/FFANY Breast Fellowship, Komen Interdisciplinary Breast Fellowship, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
  • ,
  • Soheila Korourian, MD

      Affiliations

    • Associate Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
  • ,
  • V. Suzanne Klimberg, MD

      Affiliations

    • Muriel Balsam Kohn Chair in Breast Surgical Oncology, Professor of Surgery and Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas

References 

  1. Stilling H. Ueber Osteoidsarkome der weiblichen Brustdruse. Deutsche Ztschr Chir. 1881;15:247
  2. Huvos AG, Lucas JC, Foote FW. Metaplastic breast carcinoma (Rare form of mammary cancer). N Y State J Med. 1973;73:1078–1082
  3. Wargotz ES, Norris HJ. Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast (III. Carcinosarcoma). Cancer. 1989;64:1490–1499
  4. Jebsen PW, Hagmar BM, Nesland JM. Metaplastic breast carcinoma (A diagnostic problem in fine needle aspiration biopsy). Acta Cytol. 1991;35:396–402
  5. Kline TS, Kline IK. Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast—diagnosis by aspiration biopsy cytology: report of two cases and literature review. Diagn Cytopathol. 1990;6:63–67
  6. Pezzi CM, Patel-Parekh L, Cole K, Franko J, Klimberg VS, Bland K. Characteristics and treatment of metaplastic breast cancer: analysis of 892 cases from the National Cancer Data Base. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:166–173
  7. Rosen PP. Carcinoma with metaplasia. Rosen's Breast Pathology. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001;151-158;
  8. Noske A, Schwabe M, Pahl S, Fallenberg E, Richter-Ehrenstein C, Dietel M, et al. Report of a metaplastic carcinoma of the breast with multi-directional differentiation: an adenoid cystic carcinoma, a spindle cell carcinoma and melanoma. Virchows Arch. 2008;452:575–579
  9. Beatty JD, Atwood M, Tickman R, Reiner M. Metaplastic breast cancer: clinical significance. Am J Surg. 2006;191:657–664
  10. Wargotz ES, Deos PH, Norris HJ. Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast (II. Spindle cell carcinoma). Hum Pathol. 1989;20:732–740
  11. Chao TC, Wang CS, Chen SC, Chen MF. Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. J Surg Oncol. 1999;71:220–225
  12. Luini A, Aquilar M, Gatti G, Fasani R, Botteri E, Brito JA, et al. Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast, an unusual disease with worse prognosis: the experience of the European Institute of Oncology and review of the literature. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007;101:349–353
  13. Ho BC, Tan HW, Lee VK, Tan PH. Preoperative and intraoperative diagnosis of low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast: potential diagnostic pitfalls. Histopathology. 2006;49:603–611
  14. Rosen PP, Ernsberger D. Low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma (A variant of metaplastic mammary carcinoma). Am J Surg Pathol. 1987;11:351–358
  15. Pia-Foschini M, Reis-Filho JS, Eusebi V, Lakhani SR. Salivary gland-like tumours of the breast: surgical and molecular pathology. J Clin Pathol. 2003;56:497–506
  16. Foschini MP, Eusebi V. Carcinomas of the breast showing myoepithelial cell differentiation (A review of the literature). Virchows Arch. 1998;432:303–310
  17. Drudis T, Arroyo C, Van Hoeven K, Cordon-Cardo C, Rosen PP. The pathology of low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast (An immunohistochemical study). Pathol Ann. 1994;29(pt 2):181–197
  18. Van Hoeven KH, Drudis T, Cranor ML, Erlandson RA, Rosen PP. Low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast (A clinocopathologic study of 32 cases with ultrastructural analysis). Am J Surg Pathol. 1993;17:248–258
  19. Luna-More S, Gonzalez B, Acedo C, Rodrigo I, Luna C. Invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast (A new special type of invasive mammary carcinoma). Pathol Res Pract. 1994;190:668–674
  20. Rosen P. Other special types of invasive duct carcinoma. In: Rosen's Breast Pathology. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001;p. 193–196
  21. Pettinato G, Manivel CJ, Panico L, Sparano L, Petrella G. Invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast: clinicopathologic study of 62 cases of a poorly recognized variant with highly aggressive behavior. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004;121:857–866
  22. Nassar H. Carcinomas with micropapillary morphology: clinical significance and current concepts. Adv Anat Pathol. 2004;11:297–303
  23. Thor AD, Eng C, Devries S, Paterakos M, Watkin WG, Edgerton S, et al. Invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast is associated with chromosome 8 abnormalities detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Hum Pathol. 2002;33:628–631
  24. Walsh MM, Bleiweiss IJ. Invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast: eighty cases of an underrecognized entity. Hum Pathol. 2001;32:583–589
  25. Gunhan-Bilgen I, Zekioglu O, Ustun EE, Mernis A, Erhan Y. Invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast: clinical, mammographic, and sonographic findings with histopathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179:927–931
  26. Mossler JA, Barton TK, Brinkhous AD, McCarty KS, Moylan JA, McCarty KS. Apocrine differentiation in human mammary carcinoma. Cancer. 1980;46:2463–2471
  27. Matsuo K, Fukutomi T, Hasegawa T, Akashi-Tanaka S, Nanasawa T, Tsuda H. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of apocrine breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer. 2002;9:43–49
  28. Rosen P. Apocrine carcinoma. In: Rosen's Breast Pathology. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001;p. 483–495
  29. Wells CA, El-Ayat GA. Non-operative breast pathology: apocrine lesions. J Clin Pathol. 2007;60:1313–1320
  30. Tanaka K, Imoto S, Wada N, Sakemura N, Hasebe K. Invasive aprocrine carcinoma of the breast: clinicopathologic features of 57 patients. Breast J. 2008;14:164–168
  31. Moinfar F, Okcu M, Tsybrovskyy O, Regitnig P, Lax SF, Weybora W, et al. Androgen receptors frequently are expressed in breast carcinomas: potential relelvance to new therapeutic strategies. Cancer. 2003;98:703–711
  32. Troell A. Zwei Falle von Palttenepithelcarcinom. Nord Med Ark. 1908;1:1–11
  33. Moisidis E, Ahmed S, Carmalt H, Gillett D. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast. ANZ J Surg. 2002;72:65–67
  34. Menes T, Chachter J, Morgenstern S, Fenig E, Lurie H, Gutman H. Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) of the breast. Am J Clin Oncol. 2003;26:571–573
  35. Weigel RJ, Ikeda DM, Nowels KW. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast. South Med J. 1996;89:511–515
  36. Nair VJ, Kaushal V, Atri R. Pure squamous cell carcinoma of the breast presenting as a pyogenic abscess: a case report. Clin Breast Cancer. 2007;7:713–715
  37. Cardoso F, Leal C, Meira A, Azevedo R, Mauricio MJ, Leal da Silva JM, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the breast. Breast. 2000;9:315–319
  38. Schaefer F, Custer RP. Squamous metaplasia in human breast culture: induction by cyclic adenine nucleotide and prostaglandins, and influence of menstrual cycle. Cancer Res. 1983;43:279–286
  39. Tavassoli F. Pathology of the Breast. In: Infiltrating Carcinoma, Special Types. New York, NY: Appleton & Lange; 1992;p. 481–570
  40. Wargotz ES, Norris HJ. Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast (IV. Squamous cell carcinoma of ductal origin). Cancer. 1990;65:272–276
  41. Samuels TH, Miller NA, Manchul LA, DeFreitas G, Panzarella T. Squamous cell carcinoma of the breast. Can Assoc Radiol J. 1996;47:177–182
  42. Dejager D, Redlich PN, Dayer AM, Davis HL, Komorowski RA. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast: sensitivity to cisplatinum-based chemotherapy. J Surg Oncol. 1995;59:199–203
  43. Zekioglu O, Erhan Y, Ciri M, Bayramoglu H. Neuroendocrine differentiated carcinomas of the breast: a distinct entity. Breast. 2003;12:251–257
  44. Fujimoto Y, Yagyu R, Murase K, Kawajiri H, Ohtani H, Arimoto Y, et al. A case of solid neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast in a 40-year-old woman. Breast Cancer. 2007;14:250–253
  45. Rosen PP. Neuroendocrine carcinoma. In: Rosen's Breast Pathology. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001;p. 503–508
  46. Jochems L, Tjalma WA. Primary small cell neuroendocrine tumour of the breast. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004;115:231–233
  47. Sapino A, Righi L, Cassoni P, Papotti M, Pietribiasi F, Bussolati G. Expression of the neuroendocrine phenotype in carcinomas of the breast. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2000;17:127–137
  48. Diab S, Clark GM, Osborne CK, Libby A, Allred DC, Elledge RM. Tumor characteristics and clinical outcome of tubular and mucinous breast carcinomas. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:1442–1448
  49. Sapino A, Papotti M, Righi L, Cassoni P, Chiusa L, Bussolati G. Clinical significance of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast. Ann Oncol. 2001;12(suppl 2):s115–s117
  50. Adegbola T, Connolly CE, Mortimer G. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast: a report of three cases and review of the literature. J Clin Pathol. 2005;58:775–778
  51. Kitakata H, Yasumoto K, Sudo Y, Minato H, Takahashi Y. A case of primary small cell carcinoma of the breast. Breast Cancer. 2007;14:414–419
  52. Zhang W, Hoda SA. Mammary small-cell carcinoma with dimorphic phenotype. Breast J. 2007;13:529–530
  53. Hojo T, Kinoshita T, Shien T, Terada K, Hirose S, Isobe Y, et al. Primary small cell carcinoma of the breast. Breast Cancer. 2009;16:68–71
  54. Mirza IA, Shahab N. Small cell carcinoma of the breast. Semin Oncol. 2007;34:64–66
  55. Francois A, Chatikhine VA, Chevallier B, Ren GS, Berry M, Chevrier A, et al. Neuroendocrine primary small cell carcinoma of the breast (Report of a case and review of the literature). Am J Clin Oncol. 1995;18:133–138
  56. Yamasaki T, Shimazaki H, Aida S, Tamai S, Tamaki K, Hiraide H, et al. Primary small cell (oat cell) carcinoma of the breast: report of a case and review of the literature. Pathol Int. 2000;50:914–918
  57. Damiani S, Eusebi V, Losi L, D'Adda T, Rosai J. Oncocytic carcinoma (malignant oncocytoma) of the breast. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;22:221–230
  58. Costa MJ, Silverberg SG. Oncocytic carcinoma of the male breast. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1989;113:1396–1399
  59. Hamperl H. The so-called sweat-gland carcinoma of the human breast (A review (author transl)). Z Krebsforsch Klin Onkol Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1977;88:105–119
  60. McDivitt R. Breast carcinoma in children. JAMA. 1966;195:388–390
  61. Tavassoli FA, Norris HJ. Secretory carcinoma of the breast. Cancer. 1980;45:2404–2413
  62. de Bree E, Askoxylakis J, Giannikaki E, Chroniaris N, Sanidas E, Tsiftsis DD. Secretory carcinoma of the male breast. Ann Surg Oncol. 2002;9:663–667
  63. Richard G, Hawk JC, Baker AS, Austin RM. Multicentric adult secretory breast carcinoma: DNA flow cytometric findings, prognostic features, and review of the world literature. J Surg Oncol. 1990;44:238–244
  64. Vieni S, Cabibi D, Cipolla C, Fricano S, Graceffa G, Latteri MA. Secretory breast carcinoma with metastatic sentinel lymph node. World J Surg Oncol. 2006;4:88
  65. Costa NM, Rodrigues H, Pereira H, Pardal F, Matos E. Secretory breast carcinoma—case report and review of the medical literature. Breast. 2004;13:353–355
  66. Rosen PP, Cranor ML. Secretory carcinoma of the breast. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1991;115:141–144
  67. Oberman HA. Secretory carcinoma of the breast in adults. Am J Surg Pathol. 1980;4:465–470
  68. Gallager HS. Pathologic types of breast cancer: their prognoses. Cancer. 1984;53(3 suppl):623–629
  69. Herz H, Cooke B, Goldstein D. Metastatic secretory breast cancer (Non-responsiveness to chemotherapy: case report and review of the literature). Ann Oncol. 2000;11:1343–1347
  70. Strauss BL, Bratthauer GL, Tavassoli FA. STAT 5a expression in the breast is maintained in secretory carcinoma, in contrast to other histologic types. Hum Pathol. 2006;37:586–592
  71. Doshi D, March DE, Crisi GM, Coughlin BF. Complex cystic breast masses: diagnostic approach and imaging-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2007;27(suppl 1):s53–s64
  72. Harris KP, Faliakou EC, Exon DJ, Nasiri N, Sacks NP, Gui GP. Treatment and outcome of intracystic papillary carcinoma of the breast. Br J Surg. 1999;86:1274
  73. Carter D, Orr SL, Merino MJ. Intracystic papillary carcinoma of the breast (After mastectomy, radiotherapy or excisional biopsy alone). Cancer. 1983;52:14–19
  74. Solorzano CC, Middleton LP, Hunt KK, Mirza N, Meric F, Kuerer HM, et al. Treatment and outcome of patients with intracystic papillary carcinoma of the breast. Am J Surg. 2002;184:364–368
  75. Mugler KC, Marshall C, Hardesty L, Finlayson C, Singh M. Intracystic papillary carcinoma of the breast: differential diagnosis and management. Oncology (Williston Park). 2007;21:871–876
  76. Robin C, Laboulbene J. Memoire sur trois productions morbides non decrites. C R Soc Biol. 1853;185–196
  77. Santamaria G, Velasco M, Zanón G, Farrús B, Molina R, Solé M, et al. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast: mammographic appearance and pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171:1679–1683
  78. McClenathan JH, de la Roza G. Adenoid cystic breast cancer. Am J Surg. 2002;183:646–649
  79. Arpino G, Clark GM, Mohsin S, Bardou VJ, Eledge RM. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast: molecular markers, treatment, and clinical outcome. Cancer. 2002;94:2119–2127
  80. Rabban JT, Swain RS, Zaloudek CJ, Chase DR, Chen YY. Immunophenotypic overlap between adenoid cystic carcinoma and collagenous spherulosis of the breast: potential diagnostic pitfalls using myoepithelial markers. Mod Pathol. 2006;19:1351–1357
  81. Sperber F, Blank A, Metser U. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast: mammographic, sonographic, and pathological correlation. Breast J. 2002;8:53–54
  82. Elster EA, Markusic J, Ball R, Soballe P, Henry M, Louie A, et al. Primary acinic cell carcinoma of the breast. Am Surg. 2002;68:993–995
  83. Damiani S, Pasguinelli G, Lamovec J, Peterse JL, Eusebi V. Acinic cell carcinoma of the breast: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Virchows Arch. 2000;437:74–81
  84. Coyne JD, Dervan PA. Primary acinic cell carcinoma of the breast. J Clin Pathol. 2002;55:545–547
  85. Schmitt FC, Ribeiro CA, Alvarenga S, Lopes JM. Primary acinic cell-like carcinoma of the breast—a variant with good prognosis?. Histopathology. 2000;36:286–289
  86. Peintinger F, Leibl S, Reitsamer R, Moinfar F. Primary acinic cell carcinoma of the breast: a case report with long-term follow-up and review of the literature. Histopathology. 2004;45:645–648
  87. Rancarioli F, Lamovec J, Zidar A, Eusebi V. Acinic cell-like carcinoma of the breast. Virchows Arch. 1996;429:69–74
  88. Tanahashi C, Yabuki S, Akamine N, Yatabe Y, Ichihara S. Pure acinic cell carcinoma of the breast in an 80-year-old Japanese woman. Pathol Int. 2007;57:43–46
  89. Egan M, Crocker J, Nar P. Localization of salivary gland amylase and epithelial membrane antigen in salivary gland tumors by means of immunoperoxidase and immunogold-silver techniques. J Laryngol Otol. 1998;102:242–247
  90. Adem C, Reynolds C, Ingle JN, Nascimento AG. Primary breast sarcoma: clinicopathologic series from the Mayo Clinic and review of the literature. Br J Cancer. 2004;91:237–241
  91. Bahrami A, Resetkova E, Ro JY, Ibanez JD, Ayala AG. Primary osteosarcoma of the breast: report of 2 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007;131:792–795
  92. Trihia H, Valavanis C, Markidou S, Condylis D, Poulianou E, Arapantoni-Dadioti P. Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the breast: cytomorphologic study of 3 cases with histologic correlation. Acta Cytol. 2007;51:443–450
  93. Uner A, Ozturk B, Benekli M, Coskun U, Koca KS, Kaya AO, et al. Synchronize primary breast osteosarcoma and contralateral benign cystosarcoma phylloides: radiologic and pathologic imaging. Breast J. 2008;14:109–110
  94. Oda Y, Yamamoto H, Tamiya S, Matsuda S, Tanaka K, Yokoyama R, et al. CXCR4 and VEGF expression in the primary site and the metastatic site of human osteosarcoma: analysis within a group of patients, all of whom developed lung metastasis. Mod Pathol. 2006;19:738–745
  95. Silver SA, Tavassoli FA. Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the breast: a clinicopathologic analysis of 50 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;22:925–933
  96. Vorobiof G, Hariparsade G, Freinkel W, Said H, Vorobiof DA. Primary osteosarcoma of the breast: a case report. Breast J. 2003;9:231–233
  97. Brustugun OT, Reed W, Poulsen JP, Bruland OS. Primary osteosarcoma of the breast. Acta Oncol. 2005;44:767–770
  98. Rosen P. Mesenchymal tumors. In: Rosen's Breast Pathology. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001;p. 819–821
  99. Jones MW, Norris HJ, Wargotz ES, Weiss SW. Fibrosarcoma-malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the breast (A clinicopathological study of 32 cases). Am J Surg Path. 1992;16:667–674
  100. Iellin A, Waizbard E, Levine T, Behar A. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the breast. Int Surg. 1990;75:63–66
  101. Kijima Y, et al. Stromal sarcoma with features of giant cell malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Breast Cancer. 2007;14:239–244
  102. Tse GM, Tan PH, Lui PC, Putti TC. Spindle cell lesions of the breast—the pathologic differential diagnosis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;109:199–207
  103. Ajisaka H, Maeda K, Uchiyama A, Miwa A. Myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the breast: report of a case. Surg Today. 2002;32:887–890
  104. Patel S, Plager C, Papadopoulos NE, Benjamin RS. Myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma: experience with chemotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol. 1995;528–531
  105. Neumann E. Beitrage zur Casuistik der Brustdrusengeschwulste. Virchows Arch Path Anat. 1862;316–328
  106. Mazaki T, Tanak T, Suenaga Y, Tomioka K, Takayama T. Liposarcoma of the breast: a case report and review of the literature. Int Surg. 2002;87:164–170
  107. Trent J, Benjamin RS, Valero V. Primary soft tissue sarcoma of the breast. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2001;2:169–176
  108. Enzinger F, Weiss SW. Soft Tissue Tumors. 2nd ed.. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1983;
  109. Norris H, Taylor HB. Sarcoma and related mesenchymal tumors of the breast. Cancer. 1968;22–28
  110. Vu LT, Luce J, Knudson MM. Image of the month—leiomyosarcoma of the breast. Arch Surg. 2006;141:1263–1264
  111. Parham DM, Robertson AJ, Hussein KA, Davidon AI. Leiomyosarcoma of the breast; cytological and histological features, with a review of the literature. Cytopathology. 1992;3:245–252
  112. Gutman H, Pollock RE, Ross MI, Benjamin RS, Johnston DA, Janjan NA, et al. Sarcoma of the breast: implications for extent of therapy (The M.D. Anderson experience). Surgery. 1994;116:505–509
  113. Bilroth T. Untersuchungun uber den feineren Bau und die Entwicklung der Brustdriisengeschwulste. Virchows Arch Path Anat. 1860;18:69
  114. Hays DM, Donaldson SS, Shimada H, Crist WM, Newton WA, Andrassy RJ, et al. Primary and metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma in the breast: neoplasms of adolescent females, a report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1997;29:181–189
  115. Nogi H, Kobayashi T, Kawase K, Tabei I, Toriumi Y, Suzuki M, et al. Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the breast in a 13-year-old girl: report of a case. Surg Today. 2007;37:38–42
  116. Italiano A, Largillier R, Peyrottes I, Hannoun-Levy JM, Lallement M, Thyss A. Primary embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the breast in an adult female. Breast J. 2005;11:214
  117. Rosen N, Bolen JB, Schwartz AM, Cohen P, Deseau V, Israel MA. Analysis of pp60c-src protein kinase activity in human tumor cell lines and tissues. J Biol Chem. 1986;261:13754–13759
  118. Parham DM, Ellison DA. Rhabdomyosarcomas in adults and children: an update. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130:1454–1465
  119. Magro G, Bisceglia M, Michal M, Eusebi V. Spindle cell lipoma-like tumor, solitary fibrous tumor and myofibroblastoma of the breast: a clinico-pathological analysis of 13 cases in favor of a unifying histogenetic concept. Virchows Arch. 2002;440:249–260
  120. Uchida N, Yokoo H, Kuwano H. Schwannoma of the breast: report of a case. Surg Today. 2005;35:238–242
  121. Bellezza G, Lombardi T, Panzarola P, Sidoni A, Cavaliere A, Giansanti M. Schwannoma of the breast: a case report and review of the literature. Tumori. 2007;93:308–311
  122. Newbould MJ, Wilkinson N, Mene A. Post-radiation malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour: a report of two cases. Histopathology. 1990;17:263–265
  123. Malas S, Krawitz HE, Sur RK, Uijs RR, Nayler SJ, Levin CV. Von Recklinghausen's disease associated with a primary malignant schwannoma of the breast. J Surg Oncol. 1995;59:273–275
  124. Besznyak I, Dubecz S, Peter I. Malignant schwannoma of the breast. Orv Hetil. 1998;139:137–139
  125. Gupta S, Gupta V, Aggarwal PN, Kant R, Dass PM, Khurana N, et al. Primary chondrosarcoma of the breast. J Indian Med Assoc. 2006;104:99–100
  126. Rosen P. Mesenchymal tumors. In: Rosen's Breast Pathology. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001;p. 818–819
  127. Cleton-Jansen AM, van Beerendonk HM, Baeide HJ, Bovee JV, Karperien M, Hogendoom PC. Estrogen signaling is active in cartilaginous tumors: implications for antiestrogen therapy as treatment option of metastasized or irresectable chondrosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:8028–8035
  128. Rimner A, Rosenzweig KE. Palliative radiation for lung cancer metastases to the breast: two case reports. J Thorac Oncol. 2007;2:1133–1135
  129. Rosen PP. Breast Pathology: Diagnosis by Needle Core Biopsy. In: Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999;p. 251–254
  130. Moritani S, Ichihara S, Hasegawa M, Endo T, Oiwa M, Yoshikawa K, et al. Serous papillary adenocarcinoma of the female genital organs and invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast (Are WT1, CA125, and GCDFP-15 useful in differential diagnosis?). Hum Pathol. 2008;39:666–671
  131. Yeh CN, Lin CH, Chen MF. Clinical and ultrasonographic characteristics of breast metastases from extramammary malignancies. Am Surg. 2004;70:287–290
  132. Wood B, Sterrett G, Frost F, Swarbrick N. Diagnosis of extramammary malignancy metastatic to the breast by fine needle biopsy. Pathology. 2008;40:345–351
  133. Ravdel L, Robinson WA, Lewis K, Gonzalez R. Metastatic melanoma in the breast: a report of 27 cases. J Surg Oncol. 2006;101–104
  134. Sanguinetti A, Ragusa M, Lucchini R, Monacelli M, Calzolari F, Misso C, et al. Primary breast lymphoma: case reports and review of the literature. G Chir. 2008;29:230–232
  135. Niitsu N, Okamoto M, Nakamine H, Hirano M. Clinicopathologic features and treatment outcome of primary breast diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Res. 2008;32:1837–1841
  136. Lyou CY, Yang SK, Choe DH, Lee BH, Kim KH. Mammographic and sonographic findings of primary breast lymphoma. Clin Imaging. 2007;31:234–238
  137. Alm El-Din MA, Feng JK, Taghian AG. Lumpectomy and partial breast irradiation for early-stage breast cancer following mantle irradiation for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2008;5:426–429
  138. Guo HY, Z X, Li J, Hu XC. Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the breast: eight-year follow-up experience. Int J Hematol. 2008;87:491–497
  139. Kyle RA. Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorder: a report of the international myeloma working group. Br J Haematol. 2003;121:749–757
  140. Zamagni E, Nanni C, Patriarca F, Englaro E, Castellucci P, Geatti O, et al. A prospective comparison of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and whole-body planar radiographs in the assessment of bone disease in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Haematologica. 2007;92:50–55
  141. International Myelcome Working Group. Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group. Br J Haematol. 2003;121:749–757
  142. Gardner FJ, Konje JC, Brown L, Khanna S, Bell SC, Taylor DJ, et al. Uterine surveillance of asymptomatic postmenopausal women taking tamoxifen. Climacteric. 1998;1:180–187
  143. Fan F, Smith W, Wang X, Jewell W, Thomas PA, Tawfik O. Myoepithelial carcinoma of the breast arising in an adenomyoepithelioma: mammographic, ultrasound and histologic features. Breast J. 2007;13:203–204
  144. Chang A, Bassett L, Bose S. Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast: a cytologic dilemma (Report of a case and review of the literature). Diagn Cytopathol. 2002;26:191–196
  145. Jolicoeur F, Seemayer TA, Gabbiani G, Robidoux A, Gaboury L, Oligny LL, et al. Multifocal, nascent, and invasive myoepithelial carcinoma (malignant myoepithelioma) of the breast: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Int J Surg Pathol. 2002;10:281–291
  146. Hungermann D, Buerger H, Oehlschlegel , Herbst H, Boecker W. Adenomyoepithelial tumours and myoepithelial carcinomas of the breast—a spectrum of monophasic and biphasic tumours dominated by immature myoepithelial cells. BMC Cancer. 2005;5:92
  147. Tavassoli FA. Myoepithelial lesions of the breast (Myoepitheliosis, adenomyoepithelioma, and myoepithelial carcinoma). Am J Surg Pathol. 1991;15:554–568
  148. Nga ME, Lim KH, Tan EY, Chan P, Tan SY, Walford N. Malignant adenomyoepithelial tumor of the breast: multi-immunolabeling technique and detailed immunophenotypic study. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2008;16:100–104
  149. Lee B, Pack G. Giant intracanalicular fibroadeno-myxoma of the breast. Am J Cancer. 1931;15:2583
  150. Khan S, Badve SB. Phyllodes tumors of the breast. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2001;2:139–147
  151. Lee BJ, Pack GT. Giant intracanalicular myxoma of the breast: the so-called cystosarcoma phyllodes mammae of Johannes Muller. Ann Surg. 1931;93:250–268
  152. Buchberger W, Strasser K, Heim K, Muller E, Schrocksnadel H. Phylloides tumor: findings on mammography, sonography, and aspiration cytology in 10 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;157:715–719
  153. Chaney A, Pollack A, McNeese MD. Primary treatment of cystosarcoma phyllodes of the breast. Cancer. 2000;89:1502–1511
  154. Keelan PA, Myers JL, Wold LE, Katzmann JA, Gibney DJ. Phyllodes tumor: clinicopathologic review of 60 patients and flow cytometric analysis in 30 patients. Hum Pathol. 1992;23:1048–1054
  155. Bernstein L, Deapen D, Ross RK. The descriptive epidemiology of malignant cystosarcoma phyllodes tumors of the breast. Cancer. 1993;71:3020–3024
  156. Telli M, Horst KC, Guardino AE, Dirbas FM, Carlson RW. Phyllodes tumors of the breast: natural history, diagnosis, and treatment. J Natl Comprehens Cancer Netw. 2007;5:324–330
  157. Grimes MM. Cystosarcoma phyllodes of the breast: histologic features, flow cytometric analysis, and clinical correlations. Mod Pathol. 1992;5:232–239
  158. Norris HJ, Taylor HB. Relationship of histologic features to behavior of cystosarcoma phyllodes (Analysis of ninety-four cases). Cancer. 1967;20:2090–2099
  159. Noguchi S, Aihara T, Koyama H, et al. Clonal analysis of benign and malignant human breast tumors by means of polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Lett. 1995;90:57–63
  160. Vorburger SA, Xing Y, Hunt KK, Lakin GE, Benjamin RS, Feig BW, et al. Angiosarcoma of the breast. Cancer. 2005;104:2682–2688
  161. Benda JA, Al-Jurf AS, Benson AB. Angiosarcoma of the breast following segmental mastectomy complicated by lymphedema. Am J Clin Pathol. 1987;87:651–655
  162. Schreiber H, Barry FM, Russell WC, Macon WL, Ponsky JL, Pories WJ. A lethal complication of postmastectomy lymphedema and regional immune deficiency. Arch Surg. 1979;114:82–85
  163. Rosen PP, Kimmel M, Ernsberger D. Mammary angiosarcoma (The prognostic significance of tumor differentiation). Cancer. 1988;62:2145–2151
  164. Donnell RM, Rosen PP, Lieberman PH, Kaufman RJ, Kay S, Braun DW, et al. Angiosarcoma and other vascular tumors of the breast. Am J Surg Pathol. 1981;5:629–642
  165. Merino MJ, Carter D, Berman M. Angiosarcoma of the breast. Am J Surg Pathol. 1983;7:53–60
  166. Roy P, Clark MA, Thomas JM. Stewart-Treves syndrome—treatment and outcome in six patients from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30:982–986
  167. Monroe AT, Feigenberg SJ, Mendenhall NP. Angiosarcoma after breast-conserving therapy. Cancer. 2003;97:1832–1840
  168. Chen KT, Kirkegaard DD, Bocian JJ. Angiosarcoma of the breast. Cancer. 1980;46:368–371
  169. Buatti JM, Harari PM, Leigh BR, Cassady JR. Radiation-induced angiosarcoma of the breast (Case report and review of the literature). Am J Clin Oncol. 1994;17:444–447
  170. Stout A, Murray MR. Hemangiopericytoma: a vascular tumor featuring Zimmerman's pericytes. Ann Surg. 1942;116:26–33
  171. Buecker B, Kapsimalakou S, Stoeckelhuber BM, Bos I, Wulf-Brodnjak S, Fischer D. Malignant hemangiopericytoma of the breast: a case report with a review of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2008;277:357–361
  172. Verfaillie G, Perdaens C, Breucq C, Sacre R. Lipomatous hemangiopericytoma of the axilla. Breast J. 2005;11:211
  173. Kanazawa N, Ono A, Nitou G, Ueno E, Fujiwara M, Kamma H, et al. Primary malignant hemangiopericytoma of the breast: report of a case. Surg Today. 1999;29:939–944
  174. Coarasa-Cerdán A, Palomo-Jimenez M, Montero-Montero A, Alegre-Bernal N, Guadaño-Salvadores V. Hemangiopericytoma of the breast: mammographic and sonographic findings. J Clin Ultrasound. 1998;26:155–158
  175. Arias-Stella J, Rosen PP. Hemangiopericytoma of the breast. Mod Pathol. 1988;1:98–103
  176. Tavassoli FA, Weiss S. Hemangiopericytoma of the breast. Am J Surg Pathol. 1981;5:745–752
  177. Brodie C, Provenzano E. Vascular proliferations of the breast. Histopathology. 2008;52:30–44
  178. Rosen PP, Ridolfi RL. The perilobular hemangioma (A benign microscopic vascular lesion of the breast). Am J Clin Pathol. 1977;68:21–23
  179. Lesueur GC, Brown RW, Bhathal PS. Incidence of perilobular hemangioma in the female breast. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1983;107:308–310
  180. Mesurolle B, Sygal V, Lalonde L, Lisbona A, Dufresne MP, Gagnon JH, et al. Sonographic and mammographic appearances of breast hemangioma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191:W17–W22
  181. Brown A, Warren S, Losken HW, Morrell DS. Verrucous lymphovascular malformation versus verrucous hemangioma: controversial nomenclature. Cutis. 2008;81:390–396
  182. North P, Mihm MC. Histopathological diagnosis of infantile hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2001;9:505–524
  183. Adwani A, Bees N, Arnaout A, Lanaspre E. Hemangioma of the breast: clinical, mammographic, and ultrasound features. Breast J. 2006;12:271
  184. Kim DJ, Son EJ, Hong SW, Kim EK, Kwak JY, Oh KK, et al. Interpectoral venous angioma presenting as a breast mass. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27:477–481
  185. Kim SH, Lee JH, Kim DC, Song BJ. Subcutaneous venous hemangioma of the breast. J Ultrasound Med. 2007;26:1097–1100
  186. Rosen PP, Ernsberger D. Mammary fibromatosis (A benign spindle-cell tumor with significant risk for local recurrence). Cancer. 1989;63:1363–1369
  187. Neuman HB, Brogi E, Ebrahim A, Brennan MF, Van Zee KJ. Desmoid tumors (fibromatoses) of the breast: a 25-year experience. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:274–280
  188. Lee AH. Recent developments in the histological diagnosis of spindle cell carcinoma, fibromatosis and phyllodes tumour of the breast. Histopathology. 2008;52:45–57
  189. Schwarz GS, Drotman M, Rosenblatt R, Milner L, Shamonki J, Osborne MP. Fibromatosis of the breast: case report and current concepts in the management of an uncommon lesion. Breast J. 2006;12:66–71
  190. Simpson RD, Harrison EG, Mayo CW. Mesenteric fibromatosis in familial polyposis (A variant of Gardner's syndrome). Cancer. 1964;17:526–534
  191. Haggitt RC, Booth JL. Bilateral fibromatosis of the breast in Gardner's syndrome. Cancer. 1970;25:161–166
  192. Abrikossof A. Weitere Untersuchungen Ueber Myeoblastenmyome. Virchows Arch. 1931;280:723–740
  193. DeMay RM, Kay S. Granular cell tumor of the breast. Pathol Annu. 1984;19(Pt 2):121–148
  194. Moscovic EA, Azar HA. Multiple granular cell tumors (“myoblastomas”). Cancer. 1967;20:2032–2047
  195. Yang WT, Edeiken-Monroe B, Sneige N, Fornage BD. Sonographic and mammographic appearances of granular cell tumors of the breast with pathological correlation. J Clin Ultrasound. 2006;34:153–160
  196. Khansur T, Balducci L, Tavassoli M. Granular cell tumor (Clinical spectrum of the benign and malignant entity). Cancer. 1987;60:220–222
  197. Capobianco G, Dessole S, Soro D, Profili S, Rocca PC, Cherchi PL, et al. Granular cell tumor of the breast. Breast J. 2005;11:519–520
  198. Adeniran A, Al-Ahmadie H, Mahoney MC, Robinson-Smith TM. Granular cell tumor of the breast: a series of 17 cases and review of the literature. Breast J. 2004;10:528–531
  199. Vuitch MF, Rosen PP, Erlandson RA. Pseudoangiomatous hyperplasia of mammary stroma. Hum Pathol. 1986;17:185–191
  200. Zubor P, Kajo K, Dussan CA, Szunyogh N, Danko J. Rapidly growing nodular pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia of the breast in an 18-year-old girl. APMIS. 2006;114:389–392
  201. Taira N, Ohsumi S, Aogi K, Maeba T, Kawamura S, Nishimura R, et al. Nodular pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia of mammary stroma in a case showing rapid tumor growth. Breast Cancer. 2005;12:331–336
  202. Ibrahim RE, Sciotto CG, Weidner N. Pseudoangiomatous hyperplasia of mammary stroma (Some observations regarding its clinicopathologic spectrum). Cancer. 1989;63:1154–1160
  203. Milanezi MF, Saggioro FP, Zanati SG, Bazan R, Schmitt FC. Pseudoangiomatous hyperplasia of mammary stroma associated with gynaecomastia. J Clin Pathol. 1998;51:204–206
  204. Cohen MA, Morris EA, Rosen PP, Dershaw DD, Liberman L, Abramson AF. Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia: mammographic, sonographic, and clinical patterns. Radiology. 1996;198:117–120
  205. Powell CM, Cranor ML, Rosen PP. Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) (A mammary stromal tumor with myofibroblastic differentiation). Am J Surg Pathol. 1995;19:270–277
  206. Liberman L, Dershaw DD, Kaufman RJ, Rosen PP. Angiosarcoma of the breast. Radiology. 1992;183:649–654
  207. Pruthi S, Reynolds C, Johnson RE, Gisvold JJ. Tamoxifen in the management of pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia. Breast J. 2001;7:434–439
  208. Singh KA, Lewis MM, Runge RL, Carlson GW. Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (A case for bilateral mastectomy in a 12-year-old girl). Breast J. 2007;13:603–606
  209. Rosen PP. Syringomatous adenoma of the nipple. Am J Surg Pathol. 1983;7:739–745
  210. Jones MW, Norris HJ, Snyder RC. Infiltrating syringomatous adenoma of the nipple (A clinical and pathological study of 11 cases). Am J Surg Pathol. 1989;13:197–201
  211. Oliva VL, Little JV, Carlson GW. Syringomatous adenoma of the nipple–treatment by central mound resection and oncoplastic reconstruction. Breast J. 2008;14:102–105
  212. Kubo M, Tsuji H, Kunitomo T, Taguchi K. Syringomatous adenoma of the nipple: a case report. Breast Cancer. 2004;11:214–216
  213. Slaughter MS, Pomerantz RA, Murad T, Hines JR. Infiltrating syringomatous adenoma of the nipple. Surgery. 1992;111:711–713
  214. Cho YR, Jones S, Gosain AK. Neurofibromatosis: a cause of prepubertal gynecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121:34e–40e
  215. Velchuru VR, Satish SG, Guruswamy R, Sturzaker HG. Modified wise pattern skin reduction for plexiform neurofibromatosis of the breast. Breast J. 2007;13:83–84
  216. Jeyaretna DS, Oriolowo A, Smith ME, Watkins RM. Solitary neurofibroma in the male breast. World J Surg Oncol. 2007;5:23
  217. Sharif S, Moran A, Huson SM, Iddenden R, Shenton A, Howard E, et al. Women with neurofibromatosis 1 are at a moderately increased risk of developing breast cancer and should be considered for early screening. J Med Genet. 2007;44:481–484
  218. Hasson DM, Khera SY, Meade TL, Dupont EL, Greenberg HM, Diaz NM, et al. Problems with the use of breast conservation therapy for breast cancer in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1: a case report. Breast J. 2008;14:188–192
  219. Fu W, Mittel VK, Young SC. Paget disease of the breast: analysis of 41 patients. Am J Clin Oncol. 2001;24:397–400
  220. Marshall JK, Griffith KA, Haffty BG, Solin LJ, Vicini FA, McCormick B, et al. Conservative management of Paget disease of the breast with radiotherapy: 10- and 15-year results. Cancer. 2003;97:2142–2149
  221. Zakaria S, Pantvaidya G, Ghosh K, Degnim AC. Paget's disease of the breast: accuracy of preoperative assessment. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007;102:137–142
  222. Amano G, Yajima M, Moroboshi Y, Kuriya Y, Ohuchi N. MRI accurately depicts underlying DCIS in a patient with Paget's disease of the breast without palpable mass and mammography findings. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2005;35:149–153
  223. Longo C, Fantini F, Cesinaro AM, Bassoli S, Seidenari S, Pellacani G. Pigmented mammary Paget disease: dermoscopic, in vivo reflectance-mode confocal microscopic, and immunohistochemical study of a case. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:752–754
  224. Giovannini M, D'Atri C, Piubello Q, Molino A. Mammary Paget's disease occurring after mastectomy. World J Surg Oncol. 2006;9:51
  225. Laronga C, Hasson D, Hoover S, Cox J, Cantor A, Cox C, et al. Paget's disease in the era of sentinel lymph node biopsy. Am J Surg. 2006;192:481–483
  226. Sukumvanich P, Bentrem DJ, Cody HS, Brogi E, Fey JV, Borgen PI, et al. The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in Paget's disease of the breast. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:1020–1023
  227. Helewa M, Lévesque P, Provencher D, Lea RH, Rosolowich V, Shapiro HM, et al. Breast cancer, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2002;24:164–180
  228. Barnes D, Newman L. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: a literature review. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87:417–430
  229. Rosen PP. Metastases in breast from nonmammary malignant neoplasms. In: Rosen's Breast Pathology. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001;p. 653–654
  230. Scott-Conner C, Schorr SJ. The diagnosis and management of breast problems during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Surg. 1995;170:401–405
  231. Barthelmes L, Davidson LA, Gaffney C, Gateley CA. Pregnancy and breast cancer. BMJ. 2005;330:1375–1378
  232. Kuerer HM, Gwyn K, Ames FC, Theriault RL. Conservative surgery and chemotherapy for breast carcinoma during pregnancy. Surgery. 2002;131:108–110
  233. Gemignani ML, Petrek JA, Borgen PI. Breast cancer and pregnancy. Surg Clin North Am. 1999;79:1157–1169
  234. Rosenkranz K. Surgical treatment of pregnancy associated breast cancer. Breast Dis. 2005-2006;23:87–93
  235. Greenberg R, Skornick Y, Kaplan O. Management of breast fibroadenomas. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13:640–645
  236. Arca MJ, Caniano DA. Breast disorders in the adolescent patient. Adolesc Med Clin. 2004;15:473–485
  237. Pick PW, Iossifides IA. Occurrence of breast carcinoma within a fibroadenoma (A review). Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1984;108:590–594
  238. Abe H, Hanasawa K, Naitoh H, Endo Y, Tani T, Kushima R. Invasive ductal carcinoma within a fibroadenoma of the breast. Int J Clin Oncol. 2004;9:334–338
  239. Diaz NM, Palmer JO, McDivitt RW. Carcinoma arising within fibroadenomas of the breast (A clinicopathologic study of 105 patients). Am J Clin Pathol. 1991;95:614–622
  240. Dixon JM. Cystic disease and fibroadenoma of the breast: natural history and relation to breast cancer risk. Br Med Bull. 1991;47:258–271
  241. Deschenes L, Jacob S, Fabia J, Christen A. Beware of breast fibroadenomas in middle-aged women. Can J Surg. 1985;28:372–374
  242. Dent DM, Cant PJ. Fibroadenoma. World J Surg. 1989;13:706–710
  243. Weinstein SP, Conant EF, Orel SG, Zuckerman JA, Bellah R. Spectrum of findings in pediatric and adolescent patients with palpable breast masses. Radiographics. 2000;20:1613–1621
  244. Garcia CJ, Espinoza A, Dinamarca V, Navarro O, Daneman A, Garcia H, et al. Breast US in children and adolescents. Radiographics. 2000;20:1605–1612
  245. Kurosumi M, Itokazu R, Mamiya Y, Kishi K, Takayama S, Nagasawa M, et al. Invasive ductal carcinoma with a predominant intraductal component arising in a fibroadenoma of the breast. Pathol Int. 1994;44:874–877
  246. Fukuda M, Nagao K, Nishimura R, Matsuda M, Baba K, Ueno Y, et al. Carcinoma arising in fibroadenoma of the breast—a case report and review of the literature. Jpn J Surg. 1989;19:593–596
  247. Demetrakopoulos NJ. Three-dimensional reconstruction of a human mammary fibroadenoma. Q Bull Northwest Univ Med Sch. 1958;32:221–228
  248. Hughes LE, Mansel RE, Webster DJ. Aberrations of normal development and involution (ANDI): a new perspective on pathogenesis and nomenclature of benign breast disorders. Lancet. 1987;2:1316–1319
  249. Houssami N, Cheung MN, Dixon JM. Fibroadenoma of the breast. Med J Aust. 2001;174:185–188
  250. Smallwood JA. A review of the natural history of fibroadenomas. Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1989;68:144–146discussion 157-8
  251. Gottlicher S. Incidence and location of polythelias and mammae aberratae (A prospective one year study of 1,660 patients of a gynecologic practice). Geburtshilfe Frauenhilkd. 1986;46:697–699
  252. Lesavoy M, Gomez-Garcia A, Nejdl R, Yospur G, Syiau YJ, Chang P. Axillary breast tissue: clinical presentation and surgical treatment. Ann Plast Surg. 1995;35:356–360
  253. Aughsteen AA, Almasad JK, Al-Muhtaseb MH. Fibroadenoma of the supernumerary breast of the axilla. Saudi Med J. 2000;21:587–589
  254. Evans DM, Guyton DP. Carcinoma of the axillary breast. J Surg Oncol. 1995;59:190–195
  255. Baron PL, Moore MP, Kinne DW, Candela FC, Osborne MP, Petrek JA. Occult breast cancer presenting with axillary metastases (Updated management). Arch Surg. 1990;125:210–214
  256. Owen HW, Dockerty MB, Gray HK. Occult carcinoma of the breast. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1954;98:302–308
  257. Smith GM, Greening WP. Carcinoma of aberrant breast tissue (A report of 3 cases). Br J Surg. 1972;59:89–90
  258. Meggyessy V, Mehes K. Association of supernumerary nipples with renal anomalies. J Pediatr. 1987;111:412–413
  259. Lopes G, DeCesare T, Ghurani G, Vincek V, Jorda M, Glück S, et al. Primary ectopic breast cancer presenting as a vulvar mass. Clin Breast Cancer. 2006;7:278–279
  260. Gutermuth J, Audring H, Voit C, Haas N, et al. Primary carcinoma of ectopic axillary breast tissue. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20:217–221
  261. Yerra L, Karnad AB, Votaw ML. Primary breast cancer in aberrant breast tissue in the axilla. South Med J. 1997;90:661–662
  262. Bell C. A System of Operative Surgery. Hartford, CT: Hale & Hosmer; 1814;
  263. Yang WT, Le-Petross HT, Macapinlac H, Carkaci S, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Dawood S, et al. Inflammatory breast cancer: PET/CT, MRI, mammography, and sonography findings. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;109:417–426
  264. Singletary SE, Cristofanilli M. Defining the clinical diagnosis of inflammatory breast cancer. Semin Oncol. 2008;35:7–10
  265. Levine PH, Veneroso C. The epidemiology of inflammatory breast cancer. Semin Oncol. 2008;35:11–16
  266. Singletary SE. Surgical management of inflammatory breast cancer. Semin Oncol. 2008;35:72–77
  267. Renz DM, Baltzer PA, Böttcher J, Thaher F, Gajda M, Camara O, et al. Inflammatory breast carcinoma in magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison with locally advanced breast cancer. Acad Radiol. 2008;15:209–221
  268. Le-Petross CH, Bidaut L, Yang WT. Evolving role of imaging modalities in inflammatory breast cancer. Semin Oncol. 2008;35:51–63
  269. Chia S, Swain SM, Byrd DR, Mankoff DA. Locally advanced and inflammatory breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:786–790
  270. Ventura AC, Merajver SD. Genetic determinants of aggressive breast cancer. Annu Rev Med. 2008;59:199–212
  271. Dawood S, Ueno NT, Cristofanilli M. The medical treatment of inflammatory breast cancer. Semin Oncol. 2008;35:64–71
  272. Fleming RY, Asmar L, Buzdar AU, McNeese MD, Ames FC, Ross MI, et al. Effectiveness of mastectomy by response to induction chemotherapy for control in inflammatory breast carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 1997;4:452–461
  273. Marchiò C, Iravani M, Natrajan R, Lambros M, Savage K, Tamber N, et al. Genomic and immunophenotypical characterization of pure micropapillary carcinomas of the breast. J Pathol. 2008;215:398–410
  274. Lee J, Li S, Torbenson M, Liu QZ, Lind S, Mulvihill JJ, et al. Leiomyosarcoma of the breast: a pathologic and comparative genomic hybridization study of 2 cases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2004;149:53–57
  275. Da Silva BB, Lopes-Costa PV, dos Santos LG, Pires CG, Correa-Lima MV, da Silva MC, et al. Primary embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the breast. South Med J. 2007;100:226–227
  276. Dhingra KK, Mandal S, Roy S, Khurana N. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the breast: case report. World J Surg Oncol. 2007;5:142
  277. Verfaillie G, Breucq C, Perdaens C, Bourgain C, Lamote J. Chondrosarcoma of the breast. Breast J. 2005;11:147–148
  278. Erguvan-Dogan B, Dempsey PJ, Ayyar G, Gilcrease MZ. Primary desmoid tumor (extra-abdominal fibromatosis) of the breast. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185:488–489
  279. Pourbagher A, Pourbagher MA, Bal N, Oguzkurt L, Ezer A. Leiomyoma of the breast parenchyma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185:1595–1597

PII: S0011-3840(09)00033-1

doi: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2009.03.003

Current Problems in Surgery
Volume 46, Issue 7 , Pages 514-590 , July 2009