Current Problems in Surgery
Volume 46, Issue 8 , Pages 602-716 , August 2009

Rectal Prolapse: A Historical Perspective

References 

  1. Salmon F. Practical Observations on Prolapsus of the Rectum. London: Whittaker, Treacher and Arnot, Ave-Maria Lane; 1831;chapter I, p B.
  2. Dukes CE. Frederick Salmon: Founder of St. Mark's Hospital. London Med Hist. 1959;3:312–316
  3. Allingham W. Procidentia recti. In: Fistula, Haemorrhoids, Painful Ulcer, Stricture, Prolapsus, and Other Diseases of the Rectum, Their Diagnosis and Treatment. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston; 1873;p. 209–217chapter 12
  4. Moodie RL. Paleopathology (An Introduction to the Study of Ancient Evidences of Disease). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press; 1923;p 432, plate 78c.
  5. Van Buren WH. Prolapsus ani. In: Lectures upon Diseases of the Rectum and the Surgery of the Lower Bowel. New York: D. Appleton and Co; 1881;p. 54–94
  6. Van Buren WH. Prolapsus ani. In: Lectures upon Diseases of the Rectum and the Surgery of the Lower Bowel. New York: D. Appleton and Co; 1881;p. 59
  7. Kairaluoma MV, Kellokumpu IH. Epidemiologic aspects of complete rectal prolapse. Scand J Surg. 2005;94:207–210
  8. Salmon F. Practical Observations on Prolapsus of the Rectum. London: Whittaker, Treacher and Arnot, Ave-Maria Lane; 1831;chapter I, p 8
  9. Bodenhamer W. Prolapsus ani. In: Practical Observations on Some of the Diseases of the Rectum, Anus and Contiguous Textures; giving their Nature, Seat, Causes, Symptoms, Consequences, and Prevention; especially addressed to the Non-medical Reader. Cincinnati: A.G. Sparhawk; 1847;p. 76–79chapter IX
  10. Bodenhamer W. Prolapsus ani. In: Practical Observations on Some of the Diseases of the Rectum, Anus and Contiguous Textures; giving their Nature, Seat, Causes, Symptoms, Consequences, and Prevention; especially addressed to the Non-medical Reader. Cincinnati: A.G. Sparhawk; 1847;p. 77;chapter IX
  11. Ashton TJ. Prolapsus of the rectum. In: On the Diseases, Injuries, and Malformations of the Rectum and Anus, with Remarks on Habitual Constipation. 3rd ed.. Philadelphia: Blanchard and Lea; 1860;p. 170–181chapter XI
  12. Ashton TJ. Prolapsus of the rectum. In: On the Diseases, Injuries, and Malformations of the Rectum and Anus, with Remarks on Habitual Constipation. 3rd ed.. Philadelphia: Blanchard and Lea; 1860;p. 173;chapter XI
  13. Tuttle JP. Prolapse of the rectum, procidentia intestini recti. In: A Treatise on Diseases of the Anus, Rectum and Pelvic Colon. New York: D. Appleton and Company; 1903;p. 667–701chapter XVII
  14. Todd TW. Anatomical considerations in the rectal prolapse of infants. Ann Surg. 1920;71:163–167
  15. Cooper A. Prolapsus ani. In: A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Rectum. London: H.K. Lewis; 1887;p. 149–159chapter XII
  16. Ball CB. Prolapse. In: The Rectum: Its Diseases and Developmental Defects. London: Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton, Oxford University Press; 1908;p. 153–173chapter XII
  17. Moschcowitz AV. The pathogenesis, anatomy, and cure of prolapse of the rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1912;15:7–21
  18. Graham RR. The operative repair of massive rectal prolapse. Ann Surg. 1942;115:1007–1014
  19. Lockhart-Mummery JP. Prolapse. In: Diseases of the Rectum & Colon and their Surgical Treatment. London: Bailliere, Tindall & Cox; 1923;p. 232–255chapter X
  20. Pemberton JdeJ, Stalker LK. Surgical treatment of complete rectal prolapse. Ann Surg. 1939;109:799–808
  21. Fair GL. Prolapse of the rectum in the insane. New York State J Med. 1938;38:641–645
  22. Dreznik Z, Vishne TH, Kristt D, Alper D, Ramadan E. Rectal prolapse: a possibly underrecognized complication of anorexia nervosa amenable to surgical correction. Intl J Psych Med. 2001;31:347–352
  23. Van Heest R, Jones S, Giacomantonio M. Rectal prolapse in autistic children. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:643–644
  24. Henry JB, Drummond LM, Kolb P. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and rectal prolapse. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;18:797–798
  25. Butler ECB. Complete rectal prolapse following removal of tumours of the cauda equina (Two cases). Proc R Soc Med. 1954;47:521–522
  26. Nash DFE. Bowel management in spina bifida patients. Proc R Soc Med. 1972;65:70–71
  27. Neill ME, Parks AG, Swash M. Physiological studies of the anal sphincter musculature in faecal incontinence and rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 1981;68:531–536
  28. Spencer RJ. Manometric studies in rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1984;27:523–525
  29. Birnbaum EH, Stamm L, Rafferty JF, Fry RD, Kodner IJ, Fleshman JW. Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency influences surgical outcome in treatment of rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:1215–1221
  30. Schultz I, Mellgren A, Nilsson BY, Dolk A, Holmström B. Preoperative electrophysiologic assessment cannot predict continence after rectopexy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:1392–1398
  31. Metcalf AM, Loening-Baucke V. Anorectal function and defecation dynamics in patients with rectal prolapse. Am J Surg. 1988;155:206–210
  32. Brown AJ, Horgan AF, Anderson JH, McKee RF, Finlay IG. Colonic motility is abnormal before surgery for rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 1999;86:263–266
  33. Hussein AM, Helal SF. Schistosomal pelvic floor myopathy contributes to the pathogenesis of rectal prolapse in young males. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:644–649
  34. Damon H, Henry L, Roman S, Barth X, Mion F. Influence of rectal prolapse on the asymmetry of the anal sphincter in patients with anal incontinence. BMC Gastroenterology. 2003;3:23
  35. Erikoğlu M, Tavli ş, Tekin ş. A rare case of rectal prolapse associated with rectal adenocarcinoma: case report. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2004;15:266–267
  36. Karamercan A, Tatlicioglu E, Ferahkose Z. Strangulation of a prolapsed rectal cancer in labor: a case report. J Repro Med. 2007;52:545–547
  37. Hussain D, Baliga SK, Al-Madhi S, Hartung RU. Malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the rectum with prolapse. Saudi Med J. 2007;28:1291–1292
  38. Sanaka MR, Ferguson DR, Ulrich S, Sargent R. Polyp associated with rectal prolapse. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:871–872
  39. Tsugawa C, Matsumoto Y, Nishijima E, Muraji T, Higashimoto Y. Posterior plication of the rectum for rectal prolapse in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1995;30:692–693
  40. Belizon A, Levitt MA, Shoshany G, Rodriguez G, Peña A. Rectal prolapse following posterior sagittal anorectoplasty for anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40:192–196
  41. Antao B, Bradley V, Roberts JP, Shawis R. Management of rectal prolapse in children. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1620–1625
  42. Stern RC, Izant RJ, Boat TF, Wood RE, Matthews LW, Doershuk CF. Treatment and prognosis of rectal prolapse in cystic fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 1982;82:707–710
  43. Loredo-Abdalá A, Trejo-Hernández J, Monroy-Villafuerte A, Bustos-Valenzuela V, Perea-Martínez A. Letter to the editor (Re: Rectal prolapse in pediatrics). Clin Pediatr. 2000;39:131–132
  44. Davison A, Puntis JWL, Maconochie IK. Awareness of swimming pool suction injury among tour operators. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:584–586
  45. Pancharoen C, Likitnukul S, Chongsrisawat V, Vivatvekin B, Bhattarakosol P, Suwangool P, et al. Rectal prolapse associated with cytomegalovirus pseudomembranous colitis in a child infected by human immunodeficiency virus. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2003;34:583–584
  46. Jan IA, Saleem N, Ali M, Muti-ur-Rehman , Jalali U, Kumar A, et al. Rectal prolapse: an unusual presentation of malakoplakia in a child. J Coll Phys Surg Pak. 2003;13:536–537
  47. Abantanga FA. Ileal invagination of the sigmoid colon producing a sigmoidorectal intussusception combined with rectal prolapse in a 3-year-old child. Pediatr Surg Int. 2005;21:400–402
  48. Todd IP. Etiological factors in the production of complete rectal prolapse. Postgrad Med J. 1959;35:97–100
  49. Goldberg SM, Gordon PH. Treatment of rectal prolapse. Clin Gastroenterol. 1975;4:489–504
  50. Finlay IG, Aitchison M. Perineal excision of the rectum for prolapse in the elderly. Br J Surg. 1991;78:687–689
  51. Antao B, Bradley V, Roberts JP, Shawis R. Management of rectal prolapse in children. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1620–1625
  52. Woodford MH. Reduction of a rectal prolapse in a wild lioness. J Wildlife Dis. 1973;9:178–181
  53. Welker B, Modransky P. Rectal prolapse in food animals. Part I. Cause and conservative management. Compend Cont Educ Prac Vet. 1991;13:1869–1873
  54. Welker B, Modransky P. Rectal prolapse in food animals. Part II. Surgical options. Compend Cont Educ Prac Vet. 1992;14:554–558
  55. Sleeman JM, Campbell T. Clinical challenge. J Zoo Wildlife Med. 2000;31:131–134
  56. Shakespeare A. Intussusception as a complication of rectal prolapse replacement in a ewe. Vet Rec. 2000;147:78–79
  57. Gibson KT, O'Hara AJ, Huxtable CR. Focal eosinophilic proctitis with associated rectal prolapse in a pony. Aust Vet J. 2001;79:679–681
  58. Bertelsen MF, Ølberg R-A, Mehren KG, Smith DA, Crawshaw GJ. Surgical management of rectal prolapse in an Indian rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis). J Zoo Wildlife Med. 2004;35:245–247
  59. Kalema-Zikusoka G, Lowenstine L. Rectal prolapse in a free-ranging mountain gorilla (gorilla beringei beringei): clinical presentation and surgical management. J Zoo Wildlife Med. 2001;32:509–513
  60. Olivier A, Lane E, Volkmann DH, Hofmeyr M, Stegmann GF. Rectal prolapse associated with a healed pelvic fracture in a pregnant free-ranging African black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) (Part 2: surgery and necropsy). J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2001;72:242–244
  61. Thomas DL, Waldron DF, Lowe GD, Morrical DG, Meyer HH, High RA, et al. Length of docked tail and the incidence of rectal prolapse in lambs. J Anim Sci. 2003;81:2725–2732
  62. Gilley RS, Caywood DD, Lulich JP, Bowersox TS. Treatment with a combined cystopexy-colopexy for dysuria and rectal prolapse after bilateral perineal herniorrhaphy in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;222:1717–1721
  63. Borobia-Belsué J. Replacement of rectal prolapse in sows. Vet Rec. 2006;158:380
  64. Takayama H, Takagi H, LaRochelle WJ, Kapur RP, Merlino G. Ulcerative proctitis, rectal prolapse, and intestinal pseudo-obstruction in transgenic mice overexpressing hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor. Lab Invest. 2001;81:297–305
  65. Yiou R, Delmas V, Carmeliet P, Gherardi RK, Barlovatz-Meimon G, Chopin DK, et al. The pathophysiology of pelvic floor disorders: evidence from a histomorphologic study of the perineum and a mouse model of rectal prolapse. J Anat. 2001;199:599–607
  66. Brodén B, Snellman B. Procidentia of the rectum studied with cineradiography: a contribution to the discussion of causative mechanism. Dis Colon Rectum. 1968;11:330–347
  67. Devadhar DSC. A new concept of mechanism and treatment of rectal procidentia. Dis Colon Rectum. 1965;8:75–77
  68. Theuerkauf FJ, Beahrs OH, Hill JR. Rectal prolapse: causation and surgical treatment. Ann Surg. 1970;171:819–832
  69. Pomerri F, Zuliani M, Mazza C, Villarejo F, Scopece A. Defecographic measurements of rectal intussusception and prolapse in patients and in asymptomatic subjects. AJR. 2001;176:641–645
  70. Tuttle JP. Prolapse of the rectum, procidentia intestini recti. In: A Treatise on Diseases of the Anus, Rectum and Pelvic Colon. New York: D. Appleton and Company; 1903;p. 673;chapter XVII
  71. Pantanowitz D, Levine E. The mechanism of rectal prolapse. South African J Surg. 1975;13:53–56
  72. Paice A, Buchanan GN, Murali K, Parker MC. A novel method of demonstrating rectal prolapse. Colorectal Dis. 2003;5:374–375
  73. Rashid Z, Basson MD. Association of rectal prolapse with colorectal cancer. Surgery. 1996;119:51–55
  74. van Dalen RM, Modi AK, Hershman MJ. How to do it in surgery: laparoscopic rectopexy. Br J Hosp Med. 1997;58:587–588
  75. Woods R, Voyvodic F, Schloithe AC, Sage MR, Wattchow DA. Anal sphincter tears in patients with rectal prolapse and faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis. 2003;5:544–548
  76. Glasgow SC, Birnbaum EH, Kodner IJ, Fleshman JW, Dietz DW. Preoperative anal manometry predicts continence after perineal proctectomy for rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:1052–1058
  77. Stoker J, Bartram CI, Halligan S. Imaging of the posterior pelvic floor. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:779–788
  78. Kelvin FM, Maglinte DDT. Dynamic evaluation of female pelvic organ prolapse by extended proctography. Radiol Clin N Am. 2003;41:395–407
  79. Liu B-H, Fang S-W, Tong W-D, Gong S-G, Zhang S-B. Role of pelvicography and colpocystodefecography in diagnosis of outlet obstructive constipation. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2005;20:317–320
  80. Okamoto N, Maeda K, Kato R, Senga S, Sato H, Hosono R. Dynamic pelvic three-dimensional computed tomography for investigation of pelvic abnormalities in patients with rectocele and rectal prolapse. J Gastroenterol. 2006;41:802–806
  81. Allingham W. Procidentia recti. In: Fistula, Haemorrhoids, Painful Ulcer, Stricture, Prolapsus, and Other Diseases of the Rectum, Their Diagnosis and Treatment. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston; 1873;p. 213;chapter 12
  82. Lenormant Ch. La colopexie. Contribution a l'étude thérapeutique du prolapsus du rectum. Rev Chir, Paris 1907;35:191-216, 443-70. Translation: “The number of methods and operative procedures in use for the treatment of rectal prolapse is the best proof that none of them completely satisfies all of the particulars or provides consistently good results.”
  83. Lorin-Epstein MJ. Einiges Vergleichend-anatomisches zur Ätiologie and zur sklerogenen Therapie des Prolapsus recti. Arch klin Chir. 1928;151:728–743Translation: “New ideas, methods or combinations of the same are always being proposed, and yet one remains always dissatisfied.”
  84. Bacon HE, Burkett WJ, Sauer I. Surgical management of rectal procidentia. South Surgeon. 1950;16:1115–1124
  85. Auguste T, Dubreuil A, Bost R, Bonaz B, Faucheron J-L. Technical and functional results after laparoscopic rectopexy to the promontory for complete rectal prolapse. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2006;30:659–663
  86. DiGiuro G, Ignjatovic D, Brogger J, Bergamaschi R, et al. How accurate are published recurrence rates after rectal prolapse surgery? (A meta-analysis of individual patient data). Am J Surg. 2006;191:773–778
  87. Larson MD. History of anesthetic practice. In:  Miller RD editors. 6th ed.. Anesthesia. 1:Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2005;p. 3–52
  88. Wangensteen OH, Wangensteen SD. The Rise of Surgery. 3rd printing Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press; 1981;
  89. Long CW. An account of the first use of sulphuric ether by inhalation as an anaesthetic in surgical operations. South Med Surg J. 1849;5:705–713
  90. Macewen W. Clinical observations on the introduction of tracheal tubes by the mouth instead of performing tracheotomy or laryngotomy. BMJ. 1880;2:122–124
  91. Röntgen WC. Über eine neue Art von Strahlen. Proc Würzburg Phys Med 1895; Stanton A, trans. On a new kind of rays by W.C. Röntgen, Nature 1896;53:274-6.
  92. Bier A. Versuche über Cocainisirung des Rückenmarkes. Deutsche Zeitschr Chir. 1899;51:361–369
  93. Landsteiner K. Ueber agglutinationserscheinungen normalen menschlichen Blutes. Wien klin Wochenschr. 1901;14:1132–1134
  94. Fischer AW. Über eine neue Röntgenologische Untersungsmethode des Dickdarms: Kombination von Kontrasteinlauf und Luftaufblähung. Klin Wochenschr. 1923;2:1595–1598
  95. Meltzer SJ, Auer J. Continuous respiration without respiratory movements. J Exp Med. 1909;11:622–625
  96. Domagk G. Ein Beitrag zur Chemotherapie der Bakteriellen Infektionen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1935;61:250–253
  97. Griffith HR, Johnson GE. The use of curare in general anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1942;3:418–420
  98. Loygue J, Nordlinger B, Cunci O, Malafosse M, Huguet C, Parc R. Rectopexy to the promontory for the treatment of rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1984;27:356–359
  99. Antao B, Bradley V, Roberts JP, Shawis R. Management of rectal prolapse in children. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1620
  100. Stephens FD. Minor surgical conditions of the anus and perineum. Med J Aust. 1958;45:244–246
  101. Siafakas C, Vottler TP, Andersen JM. Rectal prolapse in pediatrics. Clin Pediatr. 1999;38:63–72
  102. von Eiselsberg F. Zur operativen Behandlung grosser Rectum-Prolapse. Arch klin Chir. 1902;67:745–760
  103. Cooke AB, Beach WM, Brick JC, Evans GB, Graham AB, Krouse LJ, et al. Prolapsus. In: A Treatise on Diseases of the Rectum and Anus. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co; 1916;p. 294–320chapter 16
  104. Altemeier WA, Giuseffi J, Hoxworth P. Treatment of extensive prolapse of the rectum in aged or debilitated patients. Arch Surg. 1952;65:72–80
  105. Kuijpers HC. Treatment of complete rectal prolapse: to narrow, to wrap, to suspend, to fix, to encircle, to plicate or to resect?. World J Surg. 1992;16:826–830
  106. Muir EG. Rectal prolapse. Proc R Soc Med. 1955;48:33–44
  107. Allingham W. Procidentia recti. In: Fistula, Haemorrhoids, Painful Ulcer, Stricture, Prolapsus, and Other Diseases of the Rectum, Their Diagnosis and Treatment. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston; 1873;p. 212;chapter 12
  108. Prolapsus. In:  Cooke AB,  Beach WM,  Brick JC,  Evans GB,  Graham AB,  Hanes GS, et al. editor. A Treatise on Diseases of the Rectum and Anus. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co; 1916;p. 307;chapter 16
  109. Bodenhamer W. Prolapsus ani. In: Practical Observations on Some of the Diseases of the Rectum, Anus and Contiguous Textures; giving their Nature, Seat, Causes, Symptoms, Consequences, and Prevention; especially addressed to the Non-medical Reader. Cincinnati: A.G. Sparhawk; 1847;p. 78;chapter IX
  110. Ashton TJ. Prolapsus of the rectum. In: On the Diseases, Injuries, and Malformations of the Rectum and Anus, with Remarks on Habitual Constipation. 3rd ed.. Philadelphia: Blanchard and Lea; 1860;p. 174–175chapter XI
  111. Rectal prolapse (The Merck Veterinary Manual). Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co. in partnership with Merial, Ltd., Inc.; 2008 www.merckvetmanual.com
  112. Myers JO, Rothenberger DA. Sugar in the reduction of incarcerated prolapsed bowel: report of two cases. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:416–418
  113. Coburn WM, Russell MA, Hofstetter WL. Sucrose as an aid to manual reduction of incarcerated rectal prolapse. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;30:347–349
  114. Chaudhuri A. Hyaluronidase in the reduction of incarcerated rectal prolapse: a novel use. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1999;14:264
  115. Yildirim S, Köksal HM, Baykan A. Incarcerated and strangulated rectal prolapse. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2001;16:60–61
  116. Sarpel U, Jacob BP, Steinhagen RM. Reduction of a large incarcerated rectal prolapse by use of an elastic compression wrap. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1320–1322
  117. Hovey MA, Metcalf AM. Incarcerated rectal prolapse-rupture and ileal evisceration after failed reduction. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:1254–1257
  118. Gabriel WB. Thiersch's operation for anal incontinence. Proc R Soc Med. 1948;41:467–468
  119. Gabriel WB. Thiersch's operation for anal incontinence and minor degrees of rectal prolapse. Am J Surg. 1953;86:583–590
  120. Corman ML. Classic articles in colonic and rectal surgery: Carl Thiersch (1822-1895), Goldmann J: Concerning prolapse of the rectum with special emphasis on the operation by Thiersch. Dis Colon Rectum. 1988;31:154–155
  121. Berkowitz J. Correction of rectal procidentia (The Thiersch operation as a simple palliative procedure). N Eng J Med. 1953;248:720–722
  122. Baker WNW. Results of using monofilament nylon in Thiersch's operation for rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 1970;57:37–39
  123. Lomas MI, Cooperman H. Correction of rectal procidentia by use of polypropylene mesh (Marlex). Dis Colon Rectum. 1972;15:416–419
  124. Labow S, Rubin RJ, Hoexter B, Salvati EP. Perineal repair of rectal procidentia with an elastic fabric sling. Dis Colon Rectum. 1980;23:467–469
  125. Horn HR, Schoetz DJ, Coller JA, Veidenheimer MC. Sphincter repair with a Silastic® sling for anal incontinence and rectal procidentia. Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;28:868–872
  126. Poole GV, Pennell TC, Myers RT, Hightower F. Modified Thiersch operation for rectal prolapse: technique and results. Am Surg. 1985;51:226–229
  127. Khanduja KS, Hardy TG, Aguilar PS, Plasencia G, Hartmann RF, Bowers F, et al. A new silicone prosthesis in the modified Thiersch operation. Dis Colon Rectum. 1988;31:380–383
  128. Groff DB, Nagaraj HS. Rectal prolapse in infants and children. Am J Surg. 1990;160:531–532
  129. Mansilla JE, Bannura GC, Contreras JP, Barrera AE, Melo CL, Soto DC. Lomas-Cooperman technique for rectal prolapse in the elderly patient. Tech Coloproctol. 2006;10:106–110
  130. Gupta PJ. Combined Thiersch's procedure and subanodermal coagulation for complete rectal prolapse in the elderly. Dig Surg. 2006;23:146–149
  131. Shoab SS, Saravanan B, Neminathan S, Garsaa T. Thiersch repair of a spontaneous rupture of rectal prolapse with evisceration of small bowel through anus-a case report. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2007;89:1–3
  132. Chaloner EJ, Duckett J, Lewin J. Paediatric rectal prolapse in Rwanda. J R Soc Med. 1996;90:688–689
  133. Van Buren WH. Prolapsus ani. In: Lectures upon Diseases of the Rectum and the Surgery of the Lower Bowel. New York: D. Appleton and Co; 1881;p. 79–80
  134. Allingham W. Procidentia recti. In: Fistula, Haemorrhoids, Painful Ulcer, Stricture, Prolapsus, and Other Diseases of the Rectum, Their Diagnosis and Treatment. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston; 1873;p. 213–214chapter 12
  135. Smith H. The Surgery of the Rectum. 3rd ed.. London: J.A. Churchill; 1871;pp 102-6
  136. Van Buren WH. Prolapsus ani. In: Lectures upon Diseases of the Rectum and the Surgery of the Lower Bowel. New York: D. Appleton and Co; 1881;p. 81–84
  137. Van Buren WH. Prolapsus ani. In: Lectures upon Diseases of the Rectum and the Surgery of the Lower Bowel. New York: D. Appleton and Co; 1881;p. 81
  138. Sarafoff D. Ein einfaches und ungefährliches Verfahren zur operativen Behandlung des Mastdarmvorfalles. Arch klin Chir. 1937;190:219–232
  139. Zängl A. Utilization of the Sarafoff operation for procidentia and prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1965;8:39–40
  140. Gant SG. Procidentia ani, recti, and sigmoidae. In: Diseases of the Rectum, Anus and Colon, Including the Ileocolic Angle, Appendix, Colon, Sigmoid Flexure, Rectum, Anus, Buttocks, and Sacrococcygeal Region. Vol II:Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, Co; 1923;p. 22–57chapter XXXVII
  141. Yamana T, Iwadare J. Mucosal plication (Gant-Miwa procedure) with anal encircling for rectal prolapse-a review of the Japanese experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46(Suppl):S94–S99
  142. Gant SG. Procidentia ani, recti, and sigmoidae. In: Diseases of the Rectum, Anus and Colon, Including the Ileocolic Angle, Appendix, Colon, Sigmoid Flexure, Rectum, Anus, Buttocks, and Sacrococcygeal Region. Vol II:Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, Co; 1923;p. 37–38chapter XXXVII
  143. El-Sibai O, Shafik AA. Cauterization-plication operation in the treatment of complete rectal prolapse. Tech Coloproctol. 2002;6:51–54
  144. Atkinson KG, McAmmond ENC. Treatment of rectal procidentia by sclerosing agents. Dis Colon Rectum. 1965;8:319–322
  145. Edwards FS. The treatment of procidentia by injections. Proc R Soc Med. 1920;21–2413(Surg Sect)
  146. Hanes GS. Treatment of pruritis ani, pruritis vulvae and rectal prolapse by hypodermic injections of hydrochloric acid. Tr Am Proct Soc. 1929;29:112–126
  147. Macewen JAC. Treatment of rectal prolapse by injection. BMJ. 1928;1:633
  148. Gabriel WB. Prolapse of the rectum. In: Principles and Practice of Rectal Surgery. London: Lewis; 1932;p. 57–65chapter V
  149. Findlay L. The treatment of prolapse of the rectum in infancy and childhood by the injection of alcohol. Br J Child Dis. 1921;18:83–86
  150. Alexander EG. Prolapse of the rectum in children (The D'Espine method of treatment). Ann Surg. 1922;76:496–499
  151. Lorin-Epstein MJ. Einiges Vergleichend-anatomisches zur ätiologie and zur sklerogenen Therapie des Prolapsus recti. Arch klin Chir. 1928;151:728–743
  152. Morgan CN. Discussion on prolapse of the rectum. Proc R Soc Med. 1949;42:1005–1016
  153. Kay NRM, Zachary RB. The treatment of rectal prolapse in children with injections of 30 per cent saline solutions. J Pediatr Surg. 1970;5:334–337
  154. Malyshev YI, Gulin VA. Our experience with the treatment of rectal prolapse in infants and children. Am J Proctol. 1973;24:470–472
  155. Wyllie GG. The injection treatment of rectal prolapse. J Pediatr Surg. 1979;14:62–64
  156. Chan WK-Y, Kay SM, Laberge J-M, Gallucci JG, Bensoussan AL, Yazbeck S. Injection sclerotherapy in the treatment of rectal prolapse in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33:255–258
  157. Abeş M, Sarihan H. Injection sclerotherapy of rectal prolapse in children with 15 percent saline solution. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2004;14:100–102
  158. Sasaki Y, Iwai N, Kimura O, Hibi M. The treatment of rectal prolapse in children with phenol in almond oil injection. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2004;14:414–417
  159. Baky Fahmy MA, Ezzelarab S. Outcome of submucosal injection of different sclerosing materials for rectal prolapse in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 2004;20:353–356
  160. Shah A, Parikh D, Jawaheer G, Gornall P. Persistent rectal prolapse in children: sclerotherapy and surgical management. Pediatr Surg Int. 2005;21:270–273
  161. Gant SG. Procidentia ani, recti, and sigmoidae. In: Diseases of the Rectum, Anus and Colon. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, Co; 1923;p. 42–44chapter XXXVII
  162. Salmon F. Practical Observations on Prolapsus of the Rectum. London: Whittaker, Treacher and Arnot, Ave-Maria Lane; 1831;chapter I, pp 38-41
  163. Allingham W. Procidentia recti. In: Fistula, Haemorrhoids, Painful Ulcer, Stricture, Prolapsus, and Other Diseases of the Rectum, Their Diagnosis and Treatment. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston; 1873;p. 214;chapter 12
  164. Delorme . Sur le traitement des prolapsus du rectum totaux, par l'excision de la muqueuse rectale ou recto-colique. Bull Mém Soc Chir Paris. 1900;26:499–518
  165. Delorme E. On the treatment of total prolapse of the rectum by excision of the rectal mucous membranes or recto-colic. Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;28:544–553
  166. Patel S, Levine MS, Rombeau JL. Appearance of the rectum on barium enema examination after the Delorme procedure. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:W396
  167. Swinton NW, Palmer TE. The management of rectal prolapse and procidentia. Am J Surg. 1960;99:144–151
  168. Nay HR, Blair CR. Perineal surgical repair of rectal prolapse. Am J Surg. 1972;123:577–579
  169. Moskalenko VW. Modification of Delorme's resection of rectal mucosa for prolapse of the rectum. Int Surg. 1973;58:192–194
  170. Uhlig BE, Sullivan ES. The modified Delorme operation: its place in surgical treatment for massive rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1979;22:513–521
  171. Christiansen J, Kirkegaard P. Delorme's operation for complete rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 1981;68:537–538
  172. Gundersen AL, Cogbill TH, Landercasper J. Reappraisal of Delorme's procedure for rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;28:721–724
  173. Monson JRT, Jones NAG, Vowden P, Brennan TG. Delorme's operation: the first choice in complete rectal prolapse?. Ann R Coll Surg. 1986;68:143–146
  174. Abulafi AM, Fiddian RV, Sherman IW, Rothwell-Jackson RL. Délorme's operation for rectal prolapse. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1990;72:382–385
  175. Graf W, Ejerblad S, Krog M, Påhlman L, Gerdin B. Delorme's operation for rectal prolapse in elderly or unfit patients. Eur J Surg. 1992;158:555–557
  176. Oliver GC, Vachon D, Eisenstat TE, Rubin RJ, Salvati EP. Delorme's procedure for complete rectal prolapse in severely debilitated patients: an analysis of 41 cases. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:461–467
  177. Tobin SA, Scott IHK. Delorme operation for rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 1994;81:1681–1684
  178. Lechaux JP, Lechaux D, Perez M. Results of Delorme's procedure for rectal prolapse: advantages of a modified technique. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:301–307
  179. Plusa SM, Charig JA, Balaji V, Watts A, Thompson MR. Physiological changes after Delorme's procedure for full-thickness rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 1995;82:1475–1478
  180. Kling KM, Rongione AJ, Evans B, McFadden DW. The Delorme procedure: a useful operation for complicated rectal prolapse in the elderly. Am Surgeon. 1996;62:857–860
  181. Pescatori M, Interisano A, Stolfi VM, Zoffoli M. Delorme's operation and sphincteroplasty for rectal prolapse and fecal incontinence. Int J Colorect Dis. 1998;13:223–227
  182. Watts AMI, Thompson MR. Evaluation of Delorme's procedure as a treatment for full-thickness rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 2000;87:218–222
  183. Tsunoda A, Yasuda N, Yokoyama N, Kamiyama G, Kusano M. Delorme's procedure for rectal prolapse: clinical and physiological analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:1260–1265
  184. Watkins BP, Landercasper J, Belzer E, Rechner P, Knudson R, Bintz M, et al. Long-term follow-up of the modified Delorme procedure for rectal prolapse. Arch Surg. 2003;138:498–503
  185. Chen C-W, Jao S-W, Lai H-J, Chiu Y-C, Kang J-C. Isolated rectal diverticulum complicating with rectal prolapse and outlet obstruction: case report. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:7697–7699
  186. De Nardi P, Osman N, Viola M, Staudacher C. Ischemic proctitis following Delorme procedure for external rectal prolapse. Tech Coloproctol. 2006;10:253–255
  187. Williams NS, Giordano P, Dvorkin LS, Huang A, Hetzer FH, Scott SM. External pelvic rectal suspension (The Express Procedure) for full-thickness rectal prolapse: evolution of a new technique. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:307–316
  188. Hayashi S, Masuda H, Hayashi I, Sato H, Takayama T. Simple technique for repair of complete rectal prolapse using a circular stapler with Thiersch procedure. Eur J Surg. 2002;168:124–127
  189. Maes U, Rives JD. An operation for complete prolapse of the rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1926;42:594–599
  190. McCann FJ. Note on an operation for the cure of prolapse of the rectum in the female. Lancet. 1928;1:1072–1073
  191. Morgan CN. Discussion on prolapse of the rectum. Proc R Soc Med. 1949;42:1010
  192. Norbury LEC. The treatment of prolapse of the rectum in children. Practitioner. 1930;125:90–96
  193. Shafik A. A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defaecation XXVIII-Complete rectal prolapse: a technique for repair. Coloproct. 1987;6:345–352
  194. Mayo CW. Complete rectal prolapse (A fascial repair). West J Surg Obstet Gyn. 1938;46:75–77
  195. Graham RR. The operative repair of massive rectal prolapse. Ann Surg. 1942;115:1007
  196. Moschcowitz AV. The pathogenesis, anatomy, and cure of prolapse of the rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1912;15:14
  197. Graham RR. The operative repair of massive rectal prolapse. Ann Surg. 1942;115:1009
  198. Morgan CN. Discussion on prolapse of the rectum. Proc R Soc Med. 1949;42:1012
  199. Hayes HT, Burr HB. Treatment of complete prolapse of the rectum. Am J Surg. 1948;75:358–364
  200. Palmer JA. The management of massive rectal prolapse. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1961;112:502–506
  201. Küpfer CA, Goligher JC. One hundred consecutive cases of complete prolapse of the rectum treated by operation. Br J Surg. 1970;57:481–487
  202. Nigro ND. Restoration of the levator sling in the treatment of rectal procidentia. Dis Colon Rectum. 1958;1:123–127
  203. Auffret . Un cas de procidence du gros intestin d'une longueur de 90 centimètres (Opération par excision. Double rangée de suture). Progr Méd. 1882;10:650–652
  204. Mikulicz J. Zur operativen Behandlung des prolapsus recti et coli invaginati. Arch klin Chir. 1889;38:74–97
  205. Mikulicz J. Zur operativen Behandlung des prolapsus recti et coli invaginati. Arch klin Chir. 1889;38:93–94
  206. Kleberg BG. Mittheilungen aus der chirurgischen Casuistik und kleinere Mittheilungen. Arch klin Chir. 1879;24:840–845
  207. Reid MR. A method of treating irreducible prolapse of the rectum. Tr South Surg Assoc. 1933;45:156–162
  208. Wangensteen O. Treatment of prolapse of the rectum and intussusception of the pelvic colon by strangulating the prolapsed gut with a rubber band. Minnesota Med. 1934;17:219–222
  209. Edwards FS. The treatment of procidentia by injections. Proc R Soc Med. 1920;XIII:23
  210. Miles WE. Recto-sigmoidectomy as a method of treatment for procidentia recti. Proc R Soc Med. 1933;26:1445–1448
  211. Smyth MJ. Recto-sigmoidectomy for complete prolapse of the rectum. Proc R Soc Med. 1948;41:468–469
  212. Morgan CN. Discussion on prolapse of the rectum. Proc R Soc Med. 1949;42:1012
  213. Gabriel WB. The treatment of complete prolapse of the rectum by rectosigmoidectomy (Auffret-Mikulicz-Miles procedure). Dis Colon Rectum. 1958;1:241–250
  214. Porter NH. Surgery for rectal prolapse. BMJ. 1971;3:113
  215. Morgan CN. Discussion on prolapse of the rectum. Proc R Soc Med. 1949;42:1011
  216. Cohn I. Prolapse of the rectum (A suggested operative approach for cure). Am J Surg. 1942;57:444–449
  217. Barrett CW. Hernioplastic operations upon the rectum and pelvic floor. Am J Surg. 1943;59:519–525
  218. Chun SW, Pikarsky AJ, You SY, Gervaz P, Efron J, Weiss E, et al. Perineal rectosigmoidectomy for rectal prolapse: role of levatorplasty. Tech Coloproctol. 2004;8:3–9
  219. Dunphy JE. A combined perineal and abdominal operation for the repair of rectal prolapse. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1948;86:493–498
  220. Dunphy JE, Botsford TW, Savlov E. Surgical treatment of procidentia of the rectum (An evaluation of combined abdominal and perineal repair). Am J Surg. 1953;86:605–607
  221. Altemeier WA, Giuseffi J, Hoxworth P. Treatment of extensive prolapse of the rectum in aged or debilitated patients. Arch Surg. 1952;65:72–80
  222. Altemeier WA, Culbertson WR, Schowengerdt C, Hunt J. Nineteen years' experience with the one-stage perineal repair of rectal prolapse. Ann Surg. 1971;173:993–1001
  223. Altemeier WA. One-stage perineal surgery for complete rectal prolapse. Hosp Prac. 1972;7:102–108
  224. Altemeier WA, Giuseffi J, Hoxworth P. Treatment of extensive prolapse of the rectum in aged or debilitated patients. Arch Surg. 1952;65:72–80
  225. Theuerkauf FJ, Beahrs OH, Hill JR. Rectal prolapse: causation and surgical treatment. Ann Surg. 1970;171:823–824
  226. Altemeier WA, Culbertson WR, Schowengerdt C, Hunt J. Nineteen years' experience with the one-stage perineal repair of rectal prolapse. Ann Surg. 1971;173:993–1001
  227. Friedman R, Muggia-Sulam M, Freund HR. Experience with the one-stage perineal repair of rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1983;26:789–791
  228. Gopal KA, Amshel AL, Shonberg IL, Eftaiha M. Rectal procidentia in elderly and debilitated patients (Experience with the Altemeier procedure). Dis Colon Rectum. 1984;27:376–381
  229. Finlay IG, Aitchison M. Perineal excision of the rectum for prolapse in the elderly. Br J Surg. 1991;78:687–689
  230. Johansen OB, Wexner SD, Daniel N, Nogueras JJ, Jagelman DG. Perineal rectosigmoidectomy in the elderly. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:767–772
  231. Takesue Y, Yokoyama T, Murakami Y, Akagi S, Ohge H, Yokoyama Y, et al. The effectiveness of perineal rectosigmoidectomy for the treatment of rectal prolapse in elderly and high-risk patients. Jpn J Surg. 1999;29:290–293
  232. Kimmins MH, Evetts BK, Isler J, Billingham R. The Altemeier repair: outpatient treatment of rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:565–570
  233. Zbar AP, Takashima S, Hasegawa T, Kitabayashi K. Perineal rectosigmoidectomy (Altemeier's procedure): a review of physiology, technique and outcome. Tech Coloproctol. 2002;6:109–116
  234. Todd IP. Etiological factors in the production of complete rectal prolapse. Postgrad Med J. 1959;35:97–100
  235. Parks AG. Post-anal perineorrhaphy for rectal prolapse. Proc R Soc Med. 1967;60:920–921
  236. Prasad ML, Pearl RK, Abcarian H, Orsay CP, Nelson RL. Perineal proctectomy, posterior rectopexy, and postanal levator repair for the treatment of rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1986;29:547–552
  237. Ramanujam PS, Venkatesh KS. Perineal excision of rectal prolapse with posterior levator ani repair in elderly high-risk patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 1988;31:704–706
  238. Ramanujam PS, Venkatesh KS, Fietz MJ. Perineal excision of rectal procidentia in elderly high-risk patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:1027–1030
  239. Köhler A, Athanasiadis S. The value of posterior levator repair in the treatment of anorectal incontinence due to rectal prolapse—a clinical and manometric study. Langenbeck's Arch Surg. 2001;386:188–192
  240. Habr-Gama A, Jacob CE, Jorge JMN, Seid VE, Margues CFS, Mantese JC, et al. Rectal procidentia treatment by perineal rectosigmoidectomy combined with levator ani repair. Hepatogastroenterology. 2006;53:213–217
  241. Vasilevsky C-A, Goldberg S. The use of intraluminal stapling device in perineal rectosigmoidectomy for rectal prolapse. In:  Ravitch MM,  Steichen FM editor. Principles and Practice of Surgical Stapling. Chicago: Year Book; 1987;p. 480–486
  242. Hida J-I, Yasutomi M, Maruyama T, Nakajima A, Uchida T, Wakano T, et al. Coloanal anastomosis using a circular stapling device following perineal rectosigmoidectomy for rectal prolapse. Jpn J Surg. 1999;29:93–94
  243. Schütz G. Extracorporal resection of the rectum in the treatment of complete rectal prolapse using a circular stapling device. Dig Surg. 2001;18:274–278
  244. Yoshioka K, Ogunbiyi OA, Keighley MRB. Pouch perineal rectosigmoidectomy gives better functional results than conventional rectosigmoidectomy in elderly patients with rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 1998;85:1525–1526
  245. Baig MK, Galliano D, Larach JA, Weiss EG, Wexner SD, Nogueras JJ. Pouch perineal rectosigmoidectomy: a case report. Surg Innov. 2005;12:373–375
  246. Reissman P, Weiss E, Teoh T-A, Cohen SM, Wexner SD. Laparoscopic-assisted perineal rectosigmoidectomy for rectal prolapse. Surg Laparoscopy Endosc. 1995;5:217–218
  247. Allam M, Piskun G, Fogler R. Laparoscopic-assisted abdominoperineal proctosigmoidectomy for rectal prolapse: a new technique. Surg Endosc. 1997;11:150–151
  248. Lee JI, Vogel AM, Suchar AM, Glynn L, Statter MB, Liu DC. Sequential linear stapling technique for perineal resection of intractable pediatric rectal prolapse. Am Surg. 2006;72:1212–1215
  249. Jeannel . Résultat d'une opération de colopexie pour prolapsus invaginé du rectum. Gaz Hebdomadaire Méd Chir. 1890;27:246–249
  250. Bryant JD. Colopexy for the relief of prolapsus of the rectum. Ann Surg. 1897;26:165–178
  251. Caddy A. Complete rectal prolapse treated by ventro-fixation of the rectum. Ann Surg. 1895;21:153–156
  252. Carlyon FH. A case of strangulated complete prolapse of the rectum released by abdominal section; ultimate cure of the chronic prolapse by anchoring the sigmoid to the abdominal wall (colopexy). Lancet. 1899;2:1664–1665
  253. Rotter J. Zur Colopexie bei Prolapsus recti (die extraperitoneale Fixation des Darmes). Deut Med Wochenschr. 1903;32:564–566
  254. Lenormant Ch. La colopexie. Contribution a l'étude thérapeutique du prolapsus du rectum. Rev Chir, Paris 1907;35:443.
  255. Martin EG. Prolapse of the rectum, its reclassification and surgical treatment. J Am Med Assoc. 1932;99:368–372
  256. Fair GL. Prolapse of the rectum in the insane. New York State J Med. 1938;38:641–645
  257. Skinner HL, Duncan RD. Operative repair of complete rectal prolapse. Surg Clin North Am. 1943;23:1697–1705
  258. Verneuil . Discussion sur le prolapsus du rectum. Bull Mém Soc Chir Paris. 1891;15:754–762
  259. Fowler GR. Prolapse of the rectum. Ann Surg. 1891;13:218–219(Dr. Fowler summarizes the work of Dr. Verneuil.)
  260. Fowler GR. Prolapse, procidentia, and invagination of the rectum. Medical News, New York, Feb 27, 1897, pp 264-70.
  261. Ekehorn G. Eine einfache, aber rationelle operative Behandlungsmethode des Prolapsus recti bei Kindern. Arch klin Chir. 1909;89:463–467
  262. Lockhart-Mummery JP. A new operation for prolapse of the rectum. Lancet. 1910;1:641–642
  263. Morgan CN. Discussion on prolapse of the rectum. Proc R Soc Med. 1949;42:1010
  264. Lynch JM. A new operation for prolapse of the rectum. JAMA. 1924;82:1929–1930
  265. Davidian VA, Thomas CG. Trans-sacral repair of rectal prolapse. Am J Surg. 1972;123:231–235
  266. Hagihara PF, Griffen WO. Transsacral repair of rectal prolapse. Arch Surg. 1975;110:343–344
  267. Thomas CG. Procidentia of the rectum: transsacral repair. Dis Colon Rectum. 1975;18:473–477
  268. Chino ES, Thomas CG. Transsacral approach to repair of rectal prolapse in children. Am Surgeon. 1984;50:70–75
  269. Tsugawa C, Matsumoto Y, Nishijima E, Muraji T, Higashimoto Y. Posterior plication of the rectum for rectal prolapse in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1995;30:692–693
  270. Araki Y, Isomoto H, Tsuzi Y, Matsumoto A, Yasunaga M, Yamauchi K, et al. Transsacral rectopexy for recurrent complete rectal prolapse. Jpn J Surg. 1999;29:970–972
  271. Sander S, Vural Ö, Ünal M. Management of rectal prolapse in children: Ekehorn's rectosacropexy. Pediatr Surg Int. 1999;15:111–114
  272. Lasheen AE. Closed rectosacropexy for rectal prolapse in children. Surg Today. 2003;33:642–644
  273. Lasheen AE, Khalifa S, El Askry SM, Elzeftawy AA. Closed rectopexy with transanal resection for complete rectal prolapse in adults. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9:980–984
  274. Kümmell H. Zur Operation des hochgradigen Mastdarmvorfalls. Zentralbl Chir. 1919;25:465–469
  275. Weinstein SD. Prolapse of the rectum: a contribution on the etiology and treatment. Am J Surg. 1932;16:310–316
  276. Pemberton JdeJ, Stalker LK. Surgical treatment of complete rectal prolapse. Ann Surg. 1939;109:799–808
  277. Nelson R, Spitz J, Pearl RK, Abcarian H. What role does full rectal mobilization alone play in the treatment of rectal prolapse?. Tech Coloproctol. 2001;5:33–35
  278. Bacon HE. Prolapse and procidentia. In: Anus, Rectum, Sigmoid Colon; diagnosis and treatment. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; 1949;p. 497–540chapter 17
  279. Bacon HE, Burkett WJ, Sauer I. Surgical management of rectal procidentia. South Surgeon. 1950;16:1115–1124
  280. Newell ET. Combined abdomino-perineal herniorrhaphy for massive rectal prolapse. Ann Surg. 1954;139:864–866
  281. Efron G. A simple method of posterior rectopexy for rectal procidentia. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1977;145:75–76
  282. Blatchford GJ, Perry RE, Thorson AG, Christensen MA. Rectopexy without resection for rectal prolapse. Am J Surg. 1989;158:574–576
  283. Khanna AK, Misra MK, Kumar K. Simplified sutured sacral rectopexy for complete rectal prolapse in adults. Eur J Surg. 1996;162:143–146
  284. Brown AJ, Nicol L, Anderson JH, McKee RF, Finlay IG. Prospective study of the effect of rectopexy on colonic motility in patients with rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 2005;92:1417–1422
  285. Orr TG. A suspension operation for prolapse of the rectum. Ann Surg. 1947;126:833–837
  286. Loygue J, Cerbonnet G. Traitement chirurgical du prolapsus total du rectum par la rectopexie suivant le procédé de Orr à propos de quatorze observations. Mém L'Acad Chir. 1957;83:325–329
  287. Douard R, Tiret E. Traitement chirurgical du prolapsus total du rectum par promontofixation rectale (technique de Orr-Loygue). J Chir. 2002;139:89–91
  288. Orr TG. A suspension operation for prolapse of the rectum. Ann Surg. 1947;126:837
  289. Loygue J, Huguier M, Malafosse M, Biotois H. Complete prolapse of the rectum (A report on 140 cases treated by rectopexy). Br J Surg. 1971;58:847–848
  290. Loygue J, Nordlinger B, Cunci O, Malafosse M, Huguet C, Parc R. Rectopexy to the promontory for the treatment of rectal prolapse: report of 257 cases. Dis Colon Rectum. 1984;27:356–359
  291. Douard R, Frileux P, Brunel M, Attal E, Tiret E, Parc R. Functional results after the Orr-Loygue transabdominal rectopexy for complete rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:1089–1096
  292. Marceau C, Parc Y, Debroux E, Tiret E, Parc R. Complete rectal prolapse in young patients: psychiatric disease a risk factor of poor outcome. Colorectal Dis. 2005;7:360–365
  293. Portier G, Iovino F, Lazorthes F. Surgery for rectal prolapse: Orr-Loygue ventral rectopexy with limited dissection prevents postoperative-induced constipation without increasing recurrence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:1136–1140
  294. Wells C. New operation for rectal prolapse. Proc R Soc Med. 1959;52:602–603
  295. Calne RY. Ivalon wrap operation for rectal prolapse. Proc R Soc Med. 1966;59:127–128
  296. Morgan CN, Porter NH, Klugman DJ. Ivalon (polyvinyl alcohol) sponge in the repair of complete rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 1972;59:841–846
  297. Penfold JCB, Hawley PR. Experiences of Ivalon-sponge implant for complete rectal prolapse at St (Marks Hospital, 1960-70). Br J Surg. 1972;59:846–848
  298. Vongsangnak V, Varma JS, Watters D, Smith AN. Clinical, manometric and surgical aspects of complete prolapse of the rectum. J R Coll Surg Edin. 1985;30:251–254
  299. Ross , Thomson JPS. Management of infection after prosthetic abdominal rectopexy (Wells' procedure). AH McL Br J Surg. 1989;76:610–612
  300. Allen-Mersh TG, Turner MJ, Mann CV. Effect of abdominal Ivalon® rectopexy on bowel habit and rectal wall. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;33:550–553
  301. Dukes CE, Mitchley BCV. Polyvinyl sponge implants: experimental and clinical observations. Br J Plast Surg. 1962;15:225–235
  302. Walter JB, Chiaramonte LG. The tissue responses of the rat to implanted Ivalon, Etheron, and polyfoam plastic sponges. Br J Surg. 1965;52:49–54
  303. Shafik A. Pudendal canal decompression for the treatment of fecal incontinence in complete rectal prolapse. Am Surg. 1996;62:339–343
  304. Mollen RMHG, Kuijpers JHC, van Hoek F. Effects of rectal mobilization and lateral ligaments division on colonic and anorectal function. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:1283–1287
  305. Ripstein CB. Treatment of massive rectal prolapse. Am J Surg. 1952;83:68–71
  306. Ripstein CB, Lanter B. Etiology and surgical therapy of massive prolapse of the rectum. Ann Surg. 1963;157:259–264
  307. Ripstein CB. Surgical care of massive rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1965;8:34–38
  308. Gordon PH, Hoexter B. Complications of the Ripstein procedure. Dis Colon Rectum. 1978;21:277–280
  309. Launer DP, Fazio VF, Weakley FL, Turnbull RB, Jagelman DG, Lavery IC. The Ripstein procedure: a 16-year experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 1982;25:41–45
  310. Roberts PL, Schoetz DJ, Coller JA, Veidenheimer MC. Ripstein procedure (Lahey Clinic experience: 1963-1985). Arch Surg. 1988;123:544–547
  311. Tjandra JJ, Fazio VW, Church JM, Milson JW, Oakley JR, Lavery IC. Ripstein procedure is an effective treatment for rectal prolapse without constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:501–507
  312. Schultz I, Mellgren A, Dolk A, Johansson C, Holmström B. Continence is improved after the Ripstein rectopexy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:300–306
  313. Schultz I, Mellgren A, Dolk A, Johansson C, Holmström B. Long-term results and functional outcome after Ripstein rectopexy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:35–43
  314. Babu ED, Khan AZ, Balasubramanian B, Escofet X. An unusual complication of Ripstein rectopexy. J Pak Med Assoc. 2001;51:304–305
  315. Feldman M. Unwanted sexual arousal after pelvic surgery. J R Soc Med. 2003;96:190
  316. Karagulle E, Yildirim E, Turk E, Akkaya D, Moray G. Mesh invasion of the rectum: an unusual late complication of rectal prolapse repair. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006;21:724–727
  317. Yoshioka K, Heyen F, Keighley MRB. Functional results after posterior abdominal rectopexy for rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1989;32:835–838
  318. Aitola PT, Hiltunen K-M, Matikainen MJ. Functional results of operative treatment of rectal prolapse over an 11-year period: emphasis on transabdominal approach. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:655–660
  319. Bakshi G, Ranka S, Agrawal S, Shetty SV. Modified mesh rectopexy: a study. J Postgrad Med. 2000;46:265–267
  320. Basse L, Billesbølle P, Kehlet H. Early recovery after abdominal rectopexy with multimodal rehabilitation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:195–199
  321. Di Giorgio A, Biacchi D, Sibio S, Accarpio F, Sinibaldi G, Petrella L, et al. Abdominal rectopexy for complete rectal prolapse: preliminary results of a new technique. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2005;20:180–189
  322. Stabins SJ. A new surgical procedure for complete rectal prolapse in the mentally ill patient. Surgery. 1951;29:105–108
  323. Muir EG. Rectal prolapse. Proc R Soc Med. 1955;48:42
  324. Theuerkauf FJ, Beahrs OH, Hill JR. Rectal prolapse: causation and surgical treatment. Ann Surg. 1970;171:823;828-9.
  325. Schlinkert RT, Beart RW, Wolff BG, Pemberton JH. Anterior resection for complete rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;28:409–412
  326. Cirocco WC, Brown AC. Anterior resection for the treatment of rectal prolapse: a 20-year experience. Am Surg. 1993;59:265–269
  327. Gangopadhyay AN, Gupta DK, Dhulkotia A, Apte AV, Sharma SP. Pig bite of prolapsed rectum in a child. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:657–658
  328. Frykman HM. Abdominal proctopexy and primary sigmoid resection for rectal procidentia. Am J Surg. 1955;90:780–789
  329. Goldberg SM, Gordon PH. Treatment of rectal prolapse. Clin Gastroenterol. 1975;4:489–505
  330. Frykman HM, Goldberg SM. The surgical treatment of rectal procidentia. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1969;129:1225–1230
  331. Conyers CL, Cullen PK. Correction of rectal prolapse by anterior resection. West J Med. 1974;121:270–273
  332. Watts JD, Rothenberger DA, Buls JG, Goldberg SM, Nivatvongs S. The management of procidentia: 30 years' experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;28:96–102
  333. Husa A, Sainio P, v Smitten K. Abdominal rectopexy and sigmoid resection (Frykman-Goldberg operation) for rectal prolapse. Acta Chir Scand. 1988;154:221–224
  334. Madoff RD, Williams JG, Wong WD, Rothenberger DA, Goldberg SM. Long-term functional results of colon resection and rectopexy for overt rectal prolapse. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;87:101–104
  335. Huber FT, Stein H, Siewert JR. Functional results after treatment of rectal prolapse with rectopexy and sigmoid resection. World J Surg. 1995;19:138–143
  336. Lehur PA, Guiberteau-Canfrère V, Bruley des Varannes S, Moyon J, Le Borgne J. Rectopexie-sacrée-sigmoïdectomie dans le traitement du syndrome du prolapsus rectal (Résultats anatomiques and fonctionnels). Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1996;20:172–177
  337. Johnson E, Stangeland A, Johannessen H-O, Carlsen E. Resection rectopexy for external rectal prolapse reduces constipation and anal incontinence. Scand J Surg. 2007;96:56–61
  338. Ferguson EF, Houston CH. Omental pedicle graft rectopexy for rectal procidentia: preliminary report of a new method. Dis Colon Rectum. 1981;24:417–421
  339. Lechaux JP, Atienza P, Goasguen N, Lechaux D, Bars I. Prosthetic rectopexy to the pelvic floor and sigmoidectomy for rectal prolapse. Am J Surg. 2001;182:465–469
  340. Berman IR. Sutureless laparoscopic rectopexy for procidentia: technique and implications. Dis Colon Rectum. 1992;35:689-3
  341. Delaney CP. Laparoscopic management of rectal prolapse. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11:150–152
  342. Demirbas S, Akin ML, Kalemoglu M, Ogün I, Çelenk T. Comparison of laparoscopic and open surgery for total rectal prolapse. Surg Today. 2005;35:446–452
  343. Senagore AJ, Luchtefeld MA, MacKeigan JM. Rectopexy. J Laparoendosc Surg. 1993;4:339–343
  344. Cuschieri A, Shimi SM, Vander Velpen G, Banting S, Wood RAB. Laparoscopic prosthesis fixation rectopexy for complete rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 1994;81:138–139
  345. Baker R, Senagore AJ, Luchtefeld MA. Laparoscopic-assisted vs. open resection: rectopexy offers excellent results. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:199–201
  346. Darzi A, Henry MM, Guillou PJ, Shorvon P, Monson JRT. Stapled laparoscopic rectopexy for rectal prolapse. Surg Endosc. 1995;9:301–303
  347. Graf W, Stefánsson T, Arvidsson D, Påhlman L. Laparoscopic suture rectopexy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:211–212
  348. Gorey TF, O'Riordain MG, Tierney S, Buckley D, Fitzpatrick JM. Laparoscopic-assisted rectopexy using a novel hand-access port. J Laparoendosc Surg. 1996;6:325–328
  349. Hartley JE, Farouk R, Monson JRT. Laparoscopic sutured rectopexy for full-thickness rectal prolapse. Min Invas Ther Allied Technol. 1996;5:540–542
  350. Lissens P, Thieren H, Vanderheyden L. Laparoscopic rectopexy: early results. Acta Chir Belg. 1996;96:112–114
  351. Poen AC, de Brauw M, Felt-Bersma RJF, de Jong D, Cuesta MA. Laparoscopic rectopexy for complete rectal prolapse (Clinical outcome and anorectal function tests). Surg Endosc. 1996;10:904–908
  352. Solomon MJ, Eyers AA. Laparoscopic rectopexy using mesh fixation with a spiked chromium staple. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:279–284
  353. Stevenson ARL, Stitz RW, Lumley JW. Laparoscopic-assisted resection-rectopexy for rectal prolapse: early and medium follow-up. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:46–54
  354. Bruch H-P, Herold A, Schiedeck T, Schwandner O. Laparoscopic surgery for rectal prolapse and outlet obstruction. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:1189–1195
  355. Himpens J, Cadière GB, Bruyns J, Vertruyen M. Laparoscopic rectopexy according to Wells. Surg Endosc. 1999;13:139–141
  356. Kessler H, Jerby BL, Milsom JW. Successful treatment of rectal prolapse by laparoscopic suture rectopexy. Surg Endosc. 1999;13:858–861
  357. Heah SM, Hartley JE, Hurley J, Duthie GS, Monson JRT. Laparoscopic suture rectopexy without resection is effective treatment for full-thickness rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:638–643
  358. Kellokempu IH, Vironen J, Scheinin T. Laparoscopic repair of rectal prolapse. Surg Endosc. 2000;14:634–640
  359. Zittell TT, Manncke K, Haug S, Schäfer JF, Kreis ME, Becker HD, et al. Functional results after laparoscopic rectopexy for rectal prolapse. J Gastrointest Surg. 2000;4:632–641
  360. Rose J, Schneider C, Scheidbach H, Yildirim C, Bruch HP, Konradt J, et al. Laparoscopic treatment of rectal prolapse: experience gained in a prospective multicenter study. Langenbeck's Arch Surg. 2002;387:130–137
  361. Tsugawa K, Sue K, Koyanagi N, Hashizume M, Wada H, Tomikawa M, et al. Laparoscopic rectopexy for recurrent rectal prolapse: a safe and simple procedure without a mesh prosthesis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49:1549–1551
  362. Bergamaschi R, Lovvik K, Marvik R. Preserving the superior rectal artery in laparoscopic sigmoid resection for complete rectal prolapse. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2003;13:374–376
  363. Kakar AK, Saxena R, Gupta V. Case report (Iliac artery pseudoaneurysm as a complication of laparoscopic rectopexy). Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2003;13:48–50
  364. Saxena AK, Metzelder ML, Willital GH. Laparoscopic suture rectopexy for rectal prolapse in a 22-month-old child. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2004;14:33–34
  365. Ashari LHS, Lumley JW, Stevenson ARL, Stitz RW. Laparoscopically-assisted resection rectopexy for rectal prolapse: ten years' experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:982–987
  366. Kessler H, Hohenberger W. Laparoscopic resection rectopexy for rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1800–1801
  367. Auguste T, Dubreuil A, Bost R, Bonaz B, Faucheron J-L. Technical and functional results after laparoscopic rectopexy to the promontory for complete rectal prolapse. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2006;30:659–663
  368. Nunoo-Mensah JW, Efron JE, Young-Fadok TM. Laparoscopic rectopexy. Surg Endosc. 2007;21:325–326
  369. Silvis R, Gooszen HG, Kahraman T, Groenendijk AG, Lock MTWT, Italiaander MV, et al. Novel approach to combined defaecation and micturition disorders with rectovaginovesicopexy. Br J Surg. 1998;85:813–817
  370. Silvis R, Gooszen HG, van Essen A, de Kruif ATCM, Janssen LWM. Abdominal rectovaginopexy: modified technique to treat constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:82–88
  371. D'Hoore A, Cadoni R, Penninckx F. Long-term outcome of laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for total rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 2004;91:1500–1505
  372. Munz Y, Moorthy K, Kudchadkar R, Hernandez JD, Martin S, Darzi A, et al. Robotic assisted rectopexy. Am J Surg. 2004;187:88–92
  373. Ayav A, Bresler L, Hubert J, Brunaud L, Boissel P. Robotic-assisted pelvic organ prolapse surgery. Surg Endosc. 2005;19:1200–1203
  374. Devadhar DSC. A new concept of mechanism and treatment of rectal procidentia. Dis Colon Rectum. 1965;8:75–77
  375. Mehendale VG, Chaudhari NC, Shenoy SN, Shah SB. Devadhar's operation for complete rectal prolapse: 25 years' experience. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2005;24:9–11
  376. Salmon F. Practical Observations on Prolapsus of the Rectum. London: Whittaker, Treacher and Arnot, Ave-Maria Lane; 1831;chapter I, pp 8-9
  377. Sonnenschein K. Ein Beitrag zur Therapie des Mastdarmvorfalls bei Infantilismus. Centralblatt Chir. 1902;29:1129–1133
  378. Quénu E, Duval P. Technique de la colopexie pour prolapsus du rectum. Rev Chir. 1910;41:135–144
  379. Moschcowitz AV. The pathogenesis, anatomy, and cure of prolapse of the rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1912;15:17–18
  380. Stabins SJ. A new surgical procedure for complete rectal prolapse in the mentally ill patient. Surgery. 1951;29:105
  381. Hultén O. Über prolapsus recti bei Erwachsenen. Acta Chir Scand. 1946;93:194–200
  382. Bloch O. Extraabdominal resektion af hele colon descendens og et stykke af colon transversum for cancer. Hosp Tid Kjøbehn. 1894;4:1053–1061
  383. Von Mikulicz J. Classic articles in colonic and rectal surgery (Johann von Mikulicz-Radecki, 1850–1905. Surgical experiences with intestinal carcinoma). Dis Colon Rectum. 1980;23:513–521
  384. Turnbull RB, Fazio V. Advances in the surgical technique of ulcerative colitis surgery: endoanal proctectomy and two-directional myotomy ileostomy. In:  Nyhus LM editors. Surgical Annual. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, Division of Prentice-Hall, Inc; 1975;p. 315–329
  385. Gao JF, Li TC, Huang YB. Treatment of prolapse of rectum with acupuncture combined with TCM drugs in 38 cases. J Trad Chin Med. 2003;23:122
  386. Zhang M. Thirty-six cases of infantile proctoptosis treated by extremely shallow puncture. J Trad Chin Med. 2002;22:33–34
  387. Sayfan J, Pinho M, Alexander-Williams J, Keighley MRB. Sutured posterior abdominal rectopexy with sigmoidectomy compared with Marlex® rectopexy for rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 1990;77:143–145
  388. Luukkonen P, Mikkonen U, Järvinen H. Abdominal rectopexy with sigmoidectomy vs. rectopexy alone for rectal prolapse: a prospective, randomized study. Int J Colorect Dis. 1992;7:219–222
  389. Deen KI, Grant E, Billingham C, Keighley MRB. Abdominal resection rectopexy with pelvic floor repair versus perineal rectosigmoidectomy and pelvic floor repair for full thickness rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 1994;81:302–304
  390. Scaglia M, Fasth S, Hallgren T, Nordgren S, Öresland T, Hultén L. Abdominal rectopexy for rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:805–813
  391. Athanasiadis S, Weyand G, Heiligers J, Heumüller L, Barthelmes L. The risk of infection of three synthetic materials used in rectopexy with or without colonic resection for rectal prolapse. Int J Colorect Dis. 1996;11:42–44
  392. Chow PKH, Ho YH. Abdominal resection rectopexy versus Delorme's procedure for rectal prolapse: comparison of clinical and physiological outcomes. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1996;11:201–202
  393. Agachan F, Pfeifer J, Joo JS, Nogueras JJ, Weiss EG, Wexner SD. Results of perineal procedures for the treatment of rectal prolapse. Am Surgeon. 1997;63:9–12
  394. Whitlow CB, Beck DE, Opelka FG, Gathright JB, Timmcke AE, Hicks T. Perineal repair of rectal prolapse. J La State Med Soc. 1997;149:22–26
  395. Boccasanta P, Rosati R, Venturi M, Montorsi M, Cioffi U, De Simone M, et al. Comparison of laparoscopic rectopexy with open technique in the treatment of complete rectal prolapse. Surg Laparoscopy Endosc. 1998;8:460–465
  396. Yakut M, Kaymakçioğlu N, şimşek A, Tan A, şen D. Surgical treatment of rectal prolapse (A retrospective analysis of 94 cases). Int Surg. 1998;83:53–55
  397. Boccasanta P, Venturi M, Reitano MC, Salamina G, Rosati R, Montorsi M, et al. Laparotomic vs. laparoscopic rectopexy in complete rectal prolapse. Dig Surg. 1999;16:415–419
  398. Boccasanta P, Rosati R, Venturi M, Cioffi U, De Simone M, Montorsi M, et al. Surgical treatment of complete rectal prolapse: results of abdominal and perineal approaches. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech. 1999;9:235–238
  399. Xynos E, Chrysos E, Tsiaoussis J, Epanomeritakis E, Vassilakis J-S. Resection rectopexy for rectal prolapse (The laparoscopic approach). Surg Endosc. 1999;13:862–864
  400. Benoist S, Taffinder N, Gould S, Chang A, Darzi A. Functional results two years after laparoscopic rectopexy. Am J Surg. 2001;182:168–173
  401. Solomon MJ, Young CJ, Eyers AA, Roberts RA. Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic versus open abdominal rectopexy for rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 2002;89:35–39
  402. Kairaluoma MV, Viljakka MT, Kellokumpu IH. Open vs. laparoscopic surgery for rectal prolapse: a case-controlled study assessing short-term outcome. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:353–360
  403. Demirbas S, Ogün I, Çelenk T, Akin ML, Erenoglu C, Yildiz M. Early outcomes of laparoscopic procedures performed on military personnel with total rectal prolapse and follow-up. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2004;14:194–200
  404. Kaiwa Y, Kurokawa Y, Namiki K, Myojin T, Ansai M, Satomi S. Outcome of laparoscopic rectopexy for complete rectal prolapse in patients older than 70 years versus younger patients. Surg Today. 2004;34:742–746
  405. Salkeld G, Bagia M, Solomon M. Economic impact of laparoscopic versus open abdominal rectopexy. Br J Surg. 2004;91:1188–1191
  406. Demirbas S, Akin ML, Kalemoglu M, Ogün I, Çelenk T. Comparison of laparoscopic and open surgery for total rectal prolapse. Surg Today. 2005;35:446–452
  407. Lechaux D, Trebuchet G, Siproudhis L, Campion JP. Laparoscopic rectopexy for full-thickness rectal prolapse. Surg Endosc. 2005;19:514–518
  408. Marchal F, Bresler L, Ayav A, Zarnegar R, Brunaud L, Duchamp C, et al. Long-term results of Delorme's procedure and Orr-Loygue rectopexy to treat complete rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1785–1790
  409. Purkayastha S, Tekkis P, Athanasiou T, Aziz O, Paraskevas P, Ziprin P, et al. A comparison of open vs. laparoscopic abdominal rectopexy for full-thickness rectal prolapse: a meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1930–1940
  410. Raftopoulos Y, Senagore AJ, Di Giuro G, Bergamaschi R, et al. Recurrence rates after abdominal surgery for complete rectal prolapse: a multicenter pooled analysis of 643 individual patient data. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1200–1206
  411. Shamim SM, Hameed K. Surgically treated rectal prolapse: experience at a teaching hospital. J Pak Med Assoc. 2005;55:247–250
  412. Boccasanta P, Venturi M, Barbieri S, Roviaro G. Impact of new technologies on the clinical and functional outcome of Altemeier's procedure: a randomized, controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:652–660
  413. Carpelan-Holmstrõm M, Kruuna O, Scheinin T. Laparoscopic rectal prolapse surgery combined with short hospital stay is safe in elderly and debilitated patients. Surg Endosc. 2006;20:1353–1359
  414. Kariv Y, Delaney CP, Casillas S, Hammel J, Nocero J, Bast J, et al. Long-term outcome after laparoscopic and open surgery for rectal prolapse. Surg Endosc. 2006;20:35–42
  415. Koivusalo A, Pakarinen M, Rintala R. Laparoscopic suture rectopexy in the treatment of persisting rectal prolapse in children (A preliminary report). Surg Endosc. 2006;20:960–963
  416. Tuttle JP. Prolapse of the rectum, procidentia intestini recti. In: A Treatise on Diseases of the Anus, Rectum and Pelvic Colon. New York: Appleton and Co; 1903;p. 673;chapter XVII
  417. Buie LA. Rectal prolapse. In: Practical Proctology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co; 1938;p. 208–223
  418. Fleshman JW, Kodner IJ, Fry RD. Internal intussusception of the rectum: a changing perspective. Neth J Surg. 1989;41:145–148
  419. Bacon HE. Prolapse and procidentia. In: Anus, Rectum, Sigmoid Colon. 3rd ed.. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, Co; 1949;p. 501;chapter 17
  420. Brown AJ, Anderson JH, McKee RF, Finlay IG. Surgery for occult rectal prolapse. Colorectal Dis. 2004;6:176–179
  421. Choi JS, Hwang YH, Salum MR, Weiss EG, Pikarsky AJ, Nogueras JJ, et al. Outcome and management of patients with large rectoanal intussusception. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:740–744
  422. Mellgren A, Schultz I, Johansson C, Dolk A. Internal rectal intussusception seldom develops into total rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:817–820
  423. Asman HB. Internal procidentia of the rectum. South Med J. 1957;50:641–645
  424. Ihre T. Internal procidentia of the rectum-treatment and results. Scan J Gastroenterol. 1972;7:643–646
  425. Ihre T, Seligson U. Intussusception of the rectum-internal procidentia: treatment and results in 90 patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 1975;18:391–396
  426. Frenckner B, Ihre T. Function of the anal sphincters in patients with intussusception of the rectum. Gut. 1976;17:147–151
  427. Hoffman MJ, Kodner IJ, Fry RD. Internal intussusception of the rectum: diagnosis and surgical management. Dis Colon Rectum. 1984;27:435–441
  428. Berman IR, Harris MS, Rabeler MB. Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse: patient selection, technique, and three-year follow-up. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;33:573–580
  429. Liberman H, Hughes C, Dippolito A. Evaluation and outcome of the Delorme procedure in the treatment of rectal outlet obstruction. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:188–192
  430. Briel JW, Schouten WR, Boerma MO. Long-term results of suture rectopexy in patients with fecal incontinence associated with incomplete rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:1228–1232
  431. McCue JL, Thomson JPS. Rectopexy for internal intussusception. Br J Surg. 1990;77:632–634
  432. Graf W, Karlbom U, Påhlman L, Nilsson S, Ejerblad S. Functional results after abdominal suture rectopexy for rectal prolapse or intussusception. Eur J Surg. 1996;162:905–911
  433. Sielezneff I, Malouf A, Cesari J, Brunet C, Sarles J-C, Sastre B. Selection criteria for internal rectal prolapse repair by Delorme's transrectal excision. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:367–373
  434. Brown AJ, Anderson JH, McKee RF, Finlay IG. Surgery for occult rectal prolapse. Colorectal Dis. 2004;6:176
  435. Pescatori M. Poor clinical results after surgery for occult rectal prolapse. Colorectal Dis. 2004;6:397–398
  436. Pescatori M, Spyrou M, Pulvirenti D'Urso A. A prospective evaluation of occult disorders in obstructed defecation using the ‘iceberg diagram.’. Colorectal Dis. 2006;9:452–456
  437. Dench JE, Scott SM, Lunniss PJ, Dvorkin LS, Williams NS. External pelvic rectal suspension (the Express procedure) for internal rectal prolapse, with or without concomitant rectocele repair: a video demonstration. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:1922–1926
  438. Thompson JR, Chen AH, Pettit PDM, Bridges MD. Incidence of occult rectal prolapse in patients with clinical rectoceles and defecatory dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187:1494–1500
  439. Altman D, Zetterstrom J, Schultz I, Nordenstam J, Hjern F, Lopez A, et al. Pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence in women with surgically managed rectal prolapse: a population-based case-control study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;49:28–35
  440. González-Argenté FX, Jain A, Nogueras JJ, Davila GW, Weiss EG, Wexner SD. Prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence and pelvic genital prolapse in females with anal incontinence or rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:920–926
  441. South M, Amundsen C. Overt rectal prolapse following repair of stage IV vaginal vault prolapse. Int Urogynecol J. 2007;18:471–473
  442. Amico JC, Marino AWM. Prolapse of the vagina in association with rectal procidentia. Dis Colon Rectum. 1968;11:115–119
  443. Kriplani A, Banerjee N, Kriplani AK, Roy KK, Takkar D. Uterovaginal prolapse associated with rectal prolapse. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;38:325–326
  444. Dekel A, Rabinerson D, Ben Rafael Z, Kaplan B, Mislovaty B, Bayer Y. Concurrent genital and rectal prolapse: two pathologies—one joint operation. BJOG. 2000;107:125–129
  445. Peters WA, Smith MR, Drescher CW. Rectal prolapse in women with other defects of pelvic floor support. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184:1488–1495
  446. Sullivan ES, Longaker CJ, Lee PYH. Total pelvic mesh repair: a ten-year experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:857–863
  447. Collopy BT, Barham KA. Abdominal colporectopexy with pelvic cul-de-sac closure. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:522–529
  448. Ayav A, Bresler L, Brunaud L, Zarnegar R, Boissel P. Surgical management of combined rectal and genital prolapse in young patients: transabdominal approach. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2005;20:173–179
  449. Verdaasdonk EGG, Bueno de Mesquita JM, Stassen LPS. Laparoscopic rectovaginopexy for rectal prolapse. Tech Coloproctol. 2006;10:318–322
  450. Lim M, Sagar PM, Gonsalves S, Thekkinkattil D, Landon C. Surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse in females: functional outcome of mesh sacrocolpopexy and rectopexy as a combined procedure. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:1412–1421
  451. Cruveilhier J. Ulcère chronique du rectum avec rétrécissement de cet intestin, pris pour un cancer de cet organe—Mort avec les symptômes de l'étranglement. In: Anatomie Pathologique. Paris: Balliere; 1830;p. 4;tome 2, 1ère partie, livre 25
  452. Rutter KRP. Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Proc R Soc Med. 1975;68:22–26
  453. Kennedy DK, Hughes ESR, Masterson JP. The natural history of benign ulcer of the rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1977;144:718–720
  454. Biehl AG, Ray JE, Gathright JB. Repair of rectal prolapse: experience with the Ripstein sling. South Med J. 1978;71:923–925
  455. Kang YS, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ. Solitary rectal ulcer and complete rectal prolapse: one condition or two?. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1995;10:87–90
  456. Farouk R, Duthie GS. The evaluation and treatment of patients with rectal prolapse. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1997;86:279-4
  457. Noel RJ, Miles L, Putnam PE, Farrell MK. Clinical quiz. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;39:567;575.
  458. du Boulay CE, Fairbrother J, Isaacson PG. Mucosal prolapse syndrome—a unifying concept for solitary ulcer syndrome and related disorders. J Clin Pathol. 1983;36:1264–1268
  459. Daniel F, Siproudhis L, Tohme C, Sayegh R. Solitary rectal ulcer: another view of the management algorithm. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63:738–739
  460. Daniel F, El Braks R, Grandjouan S, Villet R, Lechaux J-P, Vuong PN, et al. Recto-sigmoid polyposis revealing rectal prolapse in two young patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006;21:192–194
  461. Fengler SA, Pearl RK, Prasad ML, Orsay CP, Cintron JR, Hambrick E, et al. Management of recurrent rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:382–384
  462. Hool GR, Hull TL, Fazio VW. Surgical treatment of recurrent complete rectal prolapse: a thirty-year experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:270–272
  463. Pikarsky AJ, Joo JS, Wexner SD, Weiss EG, Nogueras JJ, Agachan F, et al. Recurrent rectal prolapse: what is the next good option?. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:1273–1276
  464. Steele SR, Goetz LH, Minami S, Madoff RD, Mellgren AF, Parker SC. Management of recurrent rectal prolapse: surgical approach influences outcome. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:440–445
  465. Kuijpers HC. Treatment of complete rectal prolapse: to narrow, to wrap, to suspend, to fix, to encircle, to plicate or to resect?. World J Surg. 1992;16:826–830
  466. Azimuddin K, Khubchandani IT, Rosen L, Stasik JJ, Riether RD, Reed JF. Rectal prolapse: a search for the “best” operation. Am Surgeon. 2001;67:622–627
  467. Madbouly KM, Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Duepree HJ, Brady KM, Fazio VW. Clinically based management of rectal prolapse. Comparison of the laparoscopic Wells procedure and laparoscopic resection with rectopexy Surg Endosc. 2003;17:99–103
  468. Lindsey I, Cunningham C. Surgical treatment of rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 2004;91:1389
  469. Brown AJ, Anderson JH, McKee RF, Finlay IG. Strategy for selection of type of operation for rectal prolapse based on clinical criteria. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:103–107
  470. Sobrado CW, Kiss DR, Nahas SC, Araújo SEA, Seid VE, Cotti G, et al. Surgical treatment of rectal prolapse: experience and late results with 51 patients. Rev Hosp Clín Fac Med S Paulo. 2004;59:168–171
  471. Marzouk D, Ramdass MJ, Haji A, Akhtar M. Digital assessment of lower rectum fixity in rectal prolapse (DALR): a simple clinical anatomical test to determine the most suitable approach (abdominal versus perineal) for repair. Surg Radiol Anat. 2005;27:414–419
  472. Madiba TE, Baig MK, Wexner SD. Surgical management of rectal prolapse. Arch Surg. 2005;140:63–73
  473. Brazzelli M, Bachoo P, Grant A. Surgery for complete rectal prolapse in adults. Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews. 1999;4:CD001758
  474. Schiedeck THK, Schwandner O, Scheele J, Farke S, Bruch H-P. Rectal prolapse: which surgical option is appropriate?. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2005;390:8–14
  475. Salmon F. Practical Observations on Prolapsus of the Rectum. London: Whittaker, Treacher and Arnot, Ave-Maria Lane; 1831;chapter I, p 49

PII: S0011-3840(09)00036-7

doi: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2009.03.006

Current Problems in Surgery
Volume 46, Issue 8 , Pages 602-716 , August 2009